Espionage Act 1917

Many historians, politicians, experts, believe that the Espionage Act of 1917 was one of the must controversial laws passed. This law was passed on June 15, 1917 shortly after the United States entered world war I. The reason why many people believe this law was so controversial, is that many argue that it directly affected the constitutional right of freedom of speech. The reason is because this act originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support United States enemies during wartime, it also prohibited promoting insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal in the military, and or to interfere with military recruitment. The punishment for braking this law could be punishable by death or by imprisonment for not more that 30 years or both and fines up too $10,000. Moreover, many believed that this restrictions were unconstitutional, but later on in 1919 the U. S Supreme Court unanimously ruled in court case Schenck v. United States that the act dud not violate the freedom of speech of those convicted under its provisions. President Woodrow Wilson Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory and Jon Crawford supported the pass of the act, however the viewed it as a compromise. This document it quite important to historians that would like to study laws related to people leaving in the United States during this era. This article helps historians understand the importance of the U. S trying to keep a sense of control on their own grounds. By the government implanting this law they can feel a little safer of retaliation. Regardless, people still protested and did things that opposed the law. However, by having the law it helps to keep that control. This shows historians that besides all the problems going on overseas, the president it still had and â€Å"urgency† of having some type of law protecting the U. S form any type of anarchy, or interference with the military. Moreover, this document can give a lot of insight to historians that study human group movements or the arrest of political figures. For example, anti-war groups like Frayhayt or â€Å"left-wing† politicians like Bill Haywood, Philip Randolph, John Reed. This document could be used for historians with a specialty in law, or historians that study political people and group organizations during this time

Mayan Civilization with citations!

The Mayans were an extremely advanced Micronesian civilization. They were located near modern day Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Mexico,l on the Yucatan Peninsula. They were skilled in art and architecture. This is evident by the many pyramids they constructed. 3 This civilization also utilized a great deal of technology. They built magnificent cities with huge stone temples and pyramids. They also developed an advanced system of writing, mathematics and astronomy, which they used to calculate an curate calendar. Another example of how the Mayans were advanced is their agricultural technology. For example, they used the slash and burn method on their crops in order to clear plots of land and fertilize the soil. 2 Mayans used certain building techniques which is a part of what makes their civilization unique as well as successful. Because there were such large supplies of limestone and flint available, plaster and cement was easily produced. This allowed the Mayans to bu ild impressive temples and stepped pyramids.Flat roofs made of cedar beams overlaid with mortar were also common in this area, along with murals often displaying religious figures in vibrant colors. L Certain cities were particularly famous for this typical Amman architecture. One of these cities is Diktat. It was the largest city in the empire, home to over 100,000 people. There were eight pyramids built in the city. 2 This civilization also had its own interesting religious beliefs. The Mayans were polytheistic and worshipped hundreds of gods, each of whom played a different role n the creation of the earth.The religion seems to have been made up of thirteen heavens and nine underworlds ruled by the nine lords of the nights, whose names are not known. Of all of the gods worshipped in this civilization, the sky god was the most important to the Mayans. The god of the sky was also the most frequent to appear in their ancient art, which included sculptures, ceramics, murals and archi tectural structures. It is evident that many of the structures built by the ancient Mayans were built in honor of the gods.Certain compounds were built with large open areas, from which all the citizens could view religious ceremonies, such as sacrifices that were held on elevated platforms. L The Mayans had an advanced language that they used to communicate with each other. Their alphabet was composed of glyphs rather than letters. 2 Not all inscriptions of this text can be deciphered yet. However, analyzing the written language became easier in the 1950 when a Russian ethnologist named Yuri Valedictorian Morrison proposed that the Amman script was at least partly phonetic.His theory was later proved correct, which was a breakthrough for all those studying this ancient civilization. 4 Another impressive feature of the Mayans was their strategic military. The empire was once thought to be peaceful, and held military forces solely for defensive purposes. Eventually, population growth increased competition with others, resulting in heightened levels of violence. Military action became involved in order to gain political control of people, land and resources. Some scholars have suggested that the capture of sacrificial victims was another driving force behind warfare.Mayans also had a decentralized government which made it more difficult to defeat, in turn protecting the nation from becoming over-ruled. 6 Overall, the Mayans were an extremely successful civilization. They made many significant discoveries in math and science. They also flourished artistically. After experienced a golden age lasting five centuries (300 to 800 AD), the Mayans suddenly and mysteriously abandoned their cities. The cause could have been from disease, natural disaster, deforestation, or even revolt but it is unknown to this day.

Introduction of Shipping Containers Essay

Until the 1960s, shipping had not changed much in decades. Handling cargo was a labor-intensive activity, and transportation costs and times—whether by land or by sea—were huge obstacles to trade, often making transcontinental, let alone global, and trade economically unfeasible. However something happened that changed that. That was the invention of the shipping container. The birth of the shipping container dates back to April 26, 1956 when a crane lifted fifty-eight aluminum truck bodies aboard an a ship called the Ideal-X docked in Newark, New Jersey. Five days later, the ship sailed in Houston, where fifty- eight trucks waited to take on the metal boxes and take them to their destinations. This heralded the beginning of a new era. Decades have passed since that fateful day which changed the world. Today we live in a globalized world so it is very difficult for us to even imagine the extent to which the container changed the world. In 1956, China was not the world’s workshop. It was not common to find Japanese electronics and cars in the middle of Dhaka. Western apparel brands didn’t have their products manufactured in Bangladesh either. Before the advent of the container, transporting goods was expensive. So expensive that it did not pay to ship many things halfway across the country, much less halfway around the world. The introduction of the container had an enormous impact upon the world’s economy. The masses of poorly paid workers who once made their livings loading and unloading ships ended up losing their jobs. Cities that had been centers of maritime commerce for ages, such as New York and Liverpool, saw their harbors decline due to them being unsuited to the container trade. Merchant sailors, who had sailed out to see the world, had their traditional days-long shore leave in exotic harbors replaced by a few hours ashore at a remote parking lot for containers, their vessel ready to weigh anchor the instant the high-speed cranes finished putting huge metal boxes off and on the ship. But even as it helped destroy the old economy, the container helped build a new one. Harbors such as Busan and Seattle moved into the front ranks of the world’s ports, and massive new ports were built in places like Felixstowe, in England, and Tanjung Pelepas, in Malaysia. Small towns, far away from the cities, could take advantage of their cheap land and low wages to attracted factories freed from the need to be near a port to enjoy cheap transportation. Extensive industrial complexes where thousands of workers manufactured products from start to finish gave way to smaller, more specialized plants that shipped components and half-finished goods to one another in ever lengthening supply chains. Poor countries, desperate for economic development, could realistically dream of becoming suppliers to wealthy countries far away. Huge industrial complexes were built in places Los Angeles and Hong Kong, only because the cost of bringing raw materials in and sending finished goods dropped extensively. The container made shipping cheap, and by doing so changed the economic geography of the world. It was now easier than ever before to transport goods all over the world. Goods could now be manufactured anywhere and sold anywhere. Thanks to the container the world had become a smaller place. This new economic geography allowed firms whose ambitions had been purely domestic to become international companies, allowing them to export their products and selling them abroad almost as effortlessly as selling them nearby. Those who had no desire to go international learned that they had no choice. Whether they liked it or not, they were competing globally because the global market was coming to them. High shipping costs no longer offered protection to high-cost producers whose biggest advantage was being geographically close to their customers. Even with customs duties and time delays, factories in Malaysia could deliver blouses to Macy’s in Herald Square more cheaply than could blouse manufacturers in the nearby lofts of New York’s garment district. The world was full of small manufacturers selling locally in 1956 but by the end of the twentieth century, purely local markets for goods of any sort were extremely rare. The container as useful as it was to facilitating economic growth was not warmly received by the workers. The workers, as consumers gained plenty due to the container. They enjoyed infinitely more choices thanks to the global trade stimulated by the consumer. The increased trade brought about an increased level of competition which held prices down. Consumers all over the world enjoyed higher living standards due to the ready availability of inexpensive imported consumer goods. However as wage earners the workers weren’t too receptive of containers. In the years after World War II, wartime devastation created vast demand while low levels of international trade kept competitive forces under control. In this exceptional environment, workers and trade unions in North America, Western Europe, and Japan were able to egotiate nearly continuous improvements in wages and benefits, while government programs provided ever stronger safety nets. The workweek grew shorter, disability pay was made more generous, and retirement at sixty or sixty-two became the norm. The container helped bring an end to that unprecedented advance. Low shipping costs helped make capital even more mobile, increasing the bargaining power of employers against their far less mobile workers. In this highly integrated world economy, the pay of workers in Dhaka sets limits on wages in New York. For manufacturers it became more preferable to manufacture abroad in underdeveloped countries as pay and work place standards are low in underdeveloped countries. How much the container matters to the world economy is impossible to quantify. In the ideal world, we would like to know how much it cost to send one thousand men’s shirts from Dhaka to Toronto in 1955, and to track how that cost changed as containerization came into use. Such data do not exist, but it seems clear that the container brought sweeping reductions in the cost of moving freight. From a ship carrying a few dozen containers that would not fit on any other vessel, container shipping matured into a highly automated, highly standardized industry on a global scale. An enormous containership can be loaded with a minute fraction of the labor and time required to handle a small conventional ship half a century ago. A few crew members can manage the entire vessel. A trucker can deposit a trailer at a customer’s loading dock, hook up another trailer, and drive on immediately, rather than watching his expensive rig stand idle while the contents are removed. All of those changes are consequences of the container revolution. Transportation has become so efficient that for many purposes, freight costs do not much effect economic decisions. Containerization has without a doubt changed the world. It has caused time-space compression that has greatly impacted economic geography. Places far away could now transfer all kinds of goods between them due to shipping containers. In simple words it has made the world a smaller place.

Macromolecules and Enzymes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macromolecules and Enzymes - Essay Example Effect of different physical parameters including temperature, enzyme concentration and pH was determined for the enzyme tyrosinase. Phenylthiourea, an inhibitor was also used to study its effect on the eznyme. Every living thing on earth is made of carbon, and each compound containing carbon is known as organic compound. Four kinds of major organic compounds are known carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Proteins are organic compounds made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds between the amino and the carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acids. The proteins can be classified according to their structure; the linear chain of amino acid is called the primary amino acid. In secondary structure there occurs a regular repeating structure that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. In tertiary structure the stabilization occurs by salt bridges, disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds. Protein subunits combine together to form the quaternary structure. Enzymes are also an organic compound, basically a protein. â€Å"All enzymes are proteins, but all proteins are enzymes†. Enzymes are biocatalyst that speed up the rate of the reaction but do not take part in the reaction. Enzymes have active site, basically a group of amino acids that binds with the substrate, which further carry out the reaction to give a specific product. Enzymes are known for their specificity for substrates, although not all enzymes are specific. The rate of the reaction governed by enzymes is increased when the optimal conditions like temperature, pH, and substrates concentration are provided for the reaction. Two theories are known for the action of enzymes on substrates. 1. The lock and Key Mechanism and, 2) Induced fit theory. Enzymes are also inhibited by inhibitors, which can be substrate analog or any other compound that binds to the enzyme such a manner that the enzymes is unable to function. Inhibitors can be of two kinds, competitive, uncompetitive and non-competitive.

Ethics, Morals, and Criminals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics, Morals, and Criminals - Research Paper Example A few examples to mention could be company ethics, professional ethics, family ethics, or school ethics those who are participants in such establishments or institutions should have to adhere to. The outcome of such outlook is individual moral codes or values do not change often, while ethics can change depending on what the particular participation of individuals are. Accordingly, what ethics refers to is right way and wrong way of doing things or acceptable and unacceptable behavior in a given setup such as a workplace. Sources such as Josephine had what he called the Six Pillars individuals can use to improve their ethical approach when they make decisions. These Pillars are trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship. Keeping them in mind while making decisions will enable individuals to harbor an ethical approach all the time. Individuals could also learn ethical norms starting from their own homes and then can capitalize on what they encounter in schools, churches, and eventually in the various social settings they could participate in. This means that individuals will start to make themselves familiar with what is right and wrong starting from their childhood. ... The reason for that could be the action might have overridden the legal rules that are put in place to govern individual behavior. However, ethics and moral are much broader than laws introduced by a given body such as a government and ethics and moral values are different from laws. The reason for that is a given action might be considered to be adhering to what the law requires, but when looking at the end result it is possible to find out it was unethical and vice versa where some actions might be illegal, but ethical. This kind of approach might be applicable in organizations where it is possible to engage in unethical behavior in order to benefit oneself or through a process of carrying out one’s duty when, for example, a medical practitioner carries out abortion some consider to be unethical or when a criminal lawyer has to defend a criminal that he or she knows could have committed a given crime, simply because their professional ethics require them to do so. There is a lso an outright criminal activity that could take place at workplace where at a higher level some company or government officials would decide to benefit themselves wrongfully by breaking company ethics codes or government regulations and policies. At a lower level employees could engage in larceny that will force them to break the law, as well as break the ethical code of the company they work for that forbids such activity, while at the same time they disregard their own moral values. Criminals When it comes to those labeled as â€Å"common criminals† the reason behind their action is more complicated than applying the rules of ethics and moral, because some of them, for various reasons explained below might not even be aware of the existence of

An investigation in to a link between emotional intelligence and Dissertation

An investigation in to a link between emotional intelligence and leadership stylea study in the public sector of South Africa - Dissertation Example However, in the advent of â€Å"emotional intelligence†, the element of human emotions and its effect on self and other people have been seriously considered as an essential factor in leadership. It has brought about a trend in the academic, corporate and political world, bringing a new dimension in the way things are run in organisations affecting company philosophy, policy, mission and vision. In the public sector, with leaders being targeted with scandals about corruption and greediness, good governance needs to be reinstated. Mokgolo et al. (2012) contend that relevant studies on leadership add knowledge that can elevate public service practices with the implementation of effective leadership, retention of valuable staff and quality of service delivery. Such relevant studies include the possession of emotional intelligence in good leadership. Statement of the Problem This study will investigate the possible links between emotional intelligence and effective leadership styl es that may be applicable in the public sector. Specifically, it will explore how it can be applied to the public sector of South Africa. Aims and Objectives The research purports to establish strong links between emotional intelligence and leaders who may be identified as effective and efficient by their subordinates. It will gather sufficient evidence from available literature as well as get first-hand information from subordinates and constituents of public sector leaders in South Africa. It aims to seek a clearer perspective on the importance of emotional intelligence in leadership. It hopes to be a useful resource to future leaders to guide them in the right path in leading the organizations they will be tasked to lead to success. Methodology This qualitative study investigates the importance of emotional intelligence in successful leadership and management in the public sector. Going beyond the surface in the review of literature, this study will probe beneath the issue of lea dership in organisations and delve into the emotional intelligence of leaders or the lack of it. Primary sources will be respondents’ answers to open ended questions in a questionnaire about the leadership styles of the leaders in their respective departments, further elaborated on in a focus group interview conducted on a later date. Secondary sources will be information culled from the literature review. Both sources shall be cross-referenced in a quantitative analysis of the themes that may surface from the questionnaires and focus group discussion. Literature Review Much research has been devoted to the topic of leadership. Yukl (2006) presents a comprehensive collection of studies on leadership, identifying various approaches to leadership. The behavior approach studies the leader’s typical pattern of behaviour to manage and lead. The power-influence approach takes on a more leader-centered perspective in that power is used not only to manage subordinates but also to influence peers, superiors, and even people outside the organization. The situational approach sees leadership as affected by contextual factors such as characteristics of followers, nature of the work performed, the type of organization and the nature of the external environment. Finally, the integrative approach involves more than one type of leadership variable and incorporates other perspectives of leadership (Yukl, 2006). In most of

Sales management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Sales management - Essay Example The new recruits and the experienced team have to show a sense of compatibility to enhance increased sales. Firstly, sales training enhances familiarization of new products or services that are to be sold and hence it is necessary for both the new and experienced sales persons (Schwartz 2006). When a new product is brought to the market, sales training is the excellent way to reveal it and show its benefits to the sales persons and the other members of staff. It is also here in the sales training that the suggested strategies and plans for selling are unveiled. To add to that, the experienced sales persons have a chance to share with the new staff on the techniques they use to sell and the challenges they expect to face in the course of their selling activities. The experienced sales representatives have had a taste of the selling and marketing industry and thus they are familiar with the challenges and the techniques to use in order to succeed. Training programs should be quite motivating in content and ways of presentation. This kills boredom while improving the understanding and learni ng of what is being discussed (Peelen 2005). Sales training should be done with both the new and the experienced sales persons as it helps the experienced staff in refreshing their memory on what they had learnt. In sales training it is necessary to refresh our memory on regular basis so as to become professionals. During sales training the staff must take notes, ask questions and have a positive attitude in order to become a productive salesperson. At times the failure of success of an organization depends on the communication skills and the knowledge of the sales people. As a result regular training should be done to all the staff to enhance maximum productivity. For example, when bringing in a new product into the market, any organization ought to have made reliable training to the sales

Applying strategic management in state of Qatar Essay

Applying strategic management in state of Qatar - Essay Example Cancer has been a disease that has been on the rise all over the world. The national cancer strategy is working hard to make sure that the Qatari population gets the best healthcare at home. The national cancer program holds public events so as to educate people about cancer (Manfred, 45). With more awareness, the people are able to take good care of themselves. If the ministry puts aside cash for this organization, it can help in cost that they incur while holding their events. The most important factor when it comes to any sector, whether public or private, is ensuring that all members of staff are equipped with enough skills to do their job. The Qatar foundation has opened a health care center to give services to its employees. If more of such facilities can be invested into, it would mean that the medical sector would be armed with qualified staff that is able to deal with any situation that they may face (Bodenheimer, & Brian,460) . These strategies should not lie only in the health sector, the government should work on making sure that all public sectors are better

Professional goals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional goals - Assignment Example I established that the process has to be carefully managed if I am to fit into practice. Fitting in is quite difficult given the experience that I had during my placement. Fitting-in is a complex process requiring support from peers and the experienced nurses. However, I believe that with the correct mindset and determination together with support from experienced nurses, I can manage the transition. Duchscher (2008) argues that the graduate nurse is usually faced with a reality shock that comes from the discrepancy between what the draduate nurse has learnt in the classroom and what is actual or real in a health care setting. The graduate nurse in this case feels a sense of groundlessness. The resulting problems include anxiety insecurityand a feeling of inadequacy . Dyess and Sherman (2009) says that the problem is even more serious today because of the fact that the graduate nurse can take the licensure examination moments after graduation and enter into practice as a fully regist ered nurse in a matter of weeks. This is different from the earlier case where graduate nurses would get a temporary licence as they work with experienced nurses for a few months. According to Cubit and Ryan (2011), the situation is not completely out of hand and can be mitigated through proper support programs especially through Graduate Nurse Programs (GNP) that are provided by the health care organizations. This strategy will only be effective if it is not approached from an inculturation approach but rather a support and socialization approach in order to help the graduate nurse to fit in the system. I realized that it was not possible to do it on my own by moving straight into practice as I had little knowledge on the transition process and I was not aware about the graduate nursing programs available in my hospital setting. I would be in a better position if I developed the following †¢Reading more on the topic †¢Asking about other people’s experiences in orde r to learn from them †¢Find out the graduate nursing programs available at the hospital †¢Establish factors that contributed to my inability to fit-in and seek ways of mitigating them In order to know whether I gained from the learning or not, I will look at: †¢My transition process and establish whether it was successful or not †¢My knowledge of the transition process and if I can help others go through it †¢My understanding of the hospital graduate nurse programs The Nurse as a leader A leader is a person who is always looked at by others to provide guidance in situations of need. Being a leader is not a simple process and requires that one has an understanding of various issues around him or her and the people around him/her. I think that being a leader has to do with skills and capabilities that one has. It is thus not possible for anyone to be a leader. Leadership as a nurse is crucial in order to enhance patient care. I observed this during my placemen t as I got to understand what roles and responsibilities a nurse leader undertakes and how to effectively handle leadership roles. Nursing leadership is not a recent phenomenon. It is something that has been discussed for a while now (Stanley and Sherratt, 2010). The benefit of nursing leadership is seen in activities such as administration, education,

Contract Law on Offer and Acceptance Case Study

Contract Law on Offer and Acceptance - Case Study Example Hence Brenda succeeds on the both the counts against Andrew. Tuesday Morning: Brenda replied by e mail that the price of 50 was a mistake instead of 500 and offered to Andrew the car at a discounted price of 450.and kept the offer open till 12.00 p.m on Friday. and Andrew replied that he would consider the new offer though expressing annoyance at Brenda's mistake. Brenda had corrected the price on the website before receipt of Andrew's offer. An offer is made when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or not to do a certain act with an intention that it shall be binding on the offeror if accepted by the person to whom the offer is made. The latter is called 'offeree"1 The offeror's signifiying act called expression of willingness may be by means of a letter, newspaper, websites, e mail and also by conduct by which an offeror may be genuinely offering or just displaying an act what is known as 'invitation to treat" As such goods advertised are only 'invitation to treat'. 2 They are of unilateral nature i.e. open to the whole world to accept such as offer for rewards etc. 3 In Partridge v Crittenden [1968], appellant Patridge had been convicted for sale of banned variety of bird punishable under Protection of Birds Act 1954 by inserting a classified advertisement in a journal without mentioning the words "offer for sale" In the appeal it was held to be an invitation to treat and not an offer for sale and co nviction was set aside. On the other hand in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893], an exception was made because the offeror meant business by depositing a certain sum of money as a reward for any one contracting influenza inspite of using medicine. So they could not escape liability stating their offer was an invitation to treat. Question arises website advertisements are offers or invitations to treat, relevant the instant case of Andrew v Brenda. .An offer is a set of conditions contemplating acceptance and capable of being accepted. "Thus in Thomson v James (1855) 18 D 1, Lord President MacNeill said, 'an offer is nothing until it is communicated' (at p.10). This is because an offer is not capable of acceptance until it has been communicated to the offeree" 4 "It is important to be able to differentiate between these invitations to treat and true offers, as acceptance of an offer creates a concluded contract whereas 'acceptance' of an invitation to treat is merely an offer. To assist in the identification of such invitations the law has developed presumptions as

Combining Nurse Leader with Advocacy Personal Statement

Combining Nurse Leader with Advocacy - Personal Statement Example This enables me to work with any medical organization in any part of America. However, due to the short duration that in the nursing profession, I have not managed to be a member of many professional associations, except in the Nursing Association of America, but am aspiring to be involved more and more in nursing and other professional associations (Manco-Herrman, 2006). Regarding career planning, I can say that I fully understand my role as a nurse, and know the requirements and description of my nursing profession. I understand that my greatest service is to the people, especially among the patients without showing any partiality. I am a goal driven individual, and my dream to become a renowned nurse in the nursing field driven my career. I would wish for a nursing profession where the nurses, particularly starting from me, will be able to deliver services to the customer, not just because they are in the profession, but because it is ethical to do so regardless of the money paid. I believe that this future career path can be achieved through determination and willingness to growth. Though career development might seem expensive, there have been sponsoring that offer training and financial support to nursing professionals who wish to grow and develop their careers. This enhances flexibility and gives the capacity of nurses to adapt to the future scenarios (Massella, 2005). As concerning the personal journey disciplines, I can rate myself as good, aiming to become excellent. During the short duration that I have been in the nursing field, I have been able to take part in action learning. This has enabled me integrate the problem solving techniques with the already acquired skills to enhance the delivery of services to customers. Normally, when left to make decisions regarding the welfare of the patients, I personally evaluate the condition or the situation, make decisions, decide on the most appropriate decision and personally reflect on those decisions to de termine their feasibility. However, I have not been fully involved in council planning, but I have participated in leadership trainings where I have acquired skills regarding leadership. Nevertheless, through the reflective practice, I have been able to assess my leadership development plan and determine my progress in active leadership behaviors. This has enabled me rate myself as far as leadership is concerned and enable me determine the most appropriate methods and practices in leadership to enhance my development as a leader (McClure, 2005). Rating myself in terms of reflective practice reference and behaviors, I always use the guidelines that facilitate my evaluation and reflection of involvement in nursing career. These include the skills acquired, identification of my role as nursing professionals, identification of the discrepancy in nursing and also I have been able to propose the most flexible means to enhance growth of the nursing profession in the future. I normally hold integrity as the key factor in my nursing profession and a leader, and to appreciate ambiguity since it acts as a driving force encouraging my advancement in nursing career. Whenever I feel inadequate in a certain area, I always seek clarification from higher professionals or through research. People in the nursing

The Da Vinci Code Essay Example for Free

The Da Vinci Code Essay Also searching for the Grail is a secret cabal within Opus Dei, an actual prelature of the Holy See, who wishes to keep the true Grail a secret; the revelation of this secret would certainly destroy Christianity. The Da Vinci Code film, like the book, was considered controversial. It was met with especially harsh criticism by the Roman Catholic Church for the accusation that it is behind a two-thousand-year-old coverup concerning what the Holy Grail really is and the concept that Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene were married and that the union produced a daughter. Many members urged the laity to boycott the film. Two secret organizations, the Priory of Sion and the Council of Shadows, whose existence is a polarizing issue, figure prominently in the story. In the book, Dan Brown insists that the Priory of Sion and all descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents and secret rituals in this novel are accurate. The Da Vinci Code was met with largely negative critical response upon its release on May 19, 2006. However, this did little to hamper its box office performance; it earned US$230 million in its opening weekend and was the second highest-grossing film of 2006 behind Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Mans Chest. Cast * Tom Hanks as Professor Robert Langdon * Audrey Tautou as Sophie Neveu * Ian McKellen as Sir Leigh Teabing * Paul Bettany as Silas * Jean Reno as BezuFache * Alfred Molina as Bishop Aringarosa * Charlotte Graham as Mary Magdalene * Jurgen Prochnow as Andre Vernet * Etienne Chicot as Lt. Jerome Collet * Jean-Yves Berteloot as Remy Jean (RemyLegaludec in the novel) * Jean-Pierre Marielle as Jacques Sauniere * Hugh Mitchell as Young Silas * Seth Gabel as Michael the Cleric * Marie-Francoise Audollent as Sister Sandrine Plot In Paris, Jacques Sauniere is pursued through the Louvres Grand Gallery by albino monk Silas (Paul Bettany), demanding the Priorys clef de voute or keystone. Sauniere confesses the keystone is kept in the sacristy of Church of Saint-Sulpice beneath the Rose before Silas shoots him. At the American University of Paris, Robert Langdon, a symbologist who is a guest lecturer on symbols and the sacred feminine, is summoned to the Louvre to view the crime scene. He discovers the dying Sauniere has created an intricate display using black light ink and his own ody and blood. Captain BezuFache (Jean Reno) asks him for his interpretation of the puzzling scene. Silas calls a mysterious man known as The Teacher, revealing that he has killed all four protectors of the keystone and that all confirmed the same location. He dons a metal cilice on his thigh and proceeds to flagellate himself with a whip for the sins of murder. Facilitated by Bishop Manuel Aringarosa, Silas then travels to Saint-Sul pice and is admitted by an elderly nun; left alone, he excavates beneath the floor of the church to find a stone saying only JOB 38:11. He confronts the nun, who quotes the passage: Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further. Realizing that he has been deceived, Silas is enraged and kills the nun. Sophie Neveu, a cryptologist with the French police, enters the Louvre as well and slips Langdon a message which leads him to the bathroom. There, Sophie meets him and tells him that he is being tracked, a GPS tracking dot has been (unknown by him) slipped into his jacket and that he is a primary suspect in the murder case because of a line of text found by the corpse (P. S. find Robert Langdon). Sophie however, believes that Sauniere, who is revealed to be her grandfather, wanted to pass a hidden message on to her (Princesse Sophie, P. S. , was the nickname he used for her), and that he had wanted to bring Langdon into the equation so that he could help her crack the code. Buying some time by throwing the tracking device into the back of a truck, the pair begin exploring the Louvre, finding more anagram messages that Sauniere had left behind. Many of these relate to Leonardo da Vincis art, and the pair find a key with a Fleur-de-lis behind Madonna of the Rocks. Langdon deduces from this that Sauniere was a member of the Priory of Sion, a secret society associated with the Knights Templar. Pursued by the French police and cut off from the United States Embassy, the pair escape to the Bois de Boulogne where Langdon closely inspects the key. He notices an inscription on the side – an address. The address directs them to the Depository Bank of Zurich where the key is used for a safety deposit box. In the bank, they find Saunieres deposit box and open it using the 10 digit Fibonacci numbers in order (1123581321). Inside the box, they find a rosewood container, which contains a cryptex: a cylindrical container with five alphabetical dials which must be arranged in the correct sequence to spell out a 5-letter code word, in order to open and access the papyrus message inside. Using force to open the cryptex would break a vial of vinegar inside, which would dissolve the papyrus and destroy the message. Unfortunately, the police are called by a security guard and they are forced to leave. The bank manager, Andre Vernet, assists them in escaping by taking them as passengers in an armoured van to escape the routine checks of the police. In the back of the truck Langdon and Neveu have a lengthy discussion about the cryptex and Neveu says that her grandfather often played games with her involving cryptexes. Langdon says that the cryptex might hold valuable information or another clue about what they are trying to discover. Eventually, they come to a sudden stop and Vernet forces them at gunpoint to give him the cryptex. Langdon tricks Vernet and disarms him and he and Sophie escape with the cryptex in their hands. Langdon suggests that they visit his friend, Leigh Teabing (Ian McKellen), for assistance to opening the cryptex. Leigh Teabing turns out to be an enthusiastic seeker of the Holy Grail, which he believes is not actually a cup but instead Mary Magdalene. Mary was pregnant at the time of Christs crucifixion, and Teabing tells Sophie that the Priory of Sion was formed to protect the descendants of Jesus. Jacques Sauniere was believed to be a part of this society and Teabing suspects that he was training Sophie to join it also. Silas, meanwhile, breaks into Teabings mansion and attempts to steal the cryptex. Teabing uses his cane to knock Silas out and they escape again, taking the butler, Remy Jean, and Silas with them. The group escapes in Teabings plane, following the next clue to London. Fache learns of their destination, and alerts the London Metropolitan Police to apprehend them at the airport. But Teabing manages to slip the party past the police with a trick of misdirection. Teabing leads Langdon and Neveu to the Temple Church in London, which is shown to be a red herring. Silas is freed by Remy Jean, who is revealed to be a follower of The Teacher as well. The two take Teabing hostage, and Silas, believing Remy to be The Teacher, holes up in an Opus Dei safehouse. Remy is killed by the mysterious man after deceiving Silas. Silas accidentally shoots Aringaros and is shot by the police. Aringarosa is taken to the hospital and apprehended by Fache. Langdon is betrayed by Teabing, who is revealed to be the true Teacher. He escapes with the Cryptex, and attempts to find the next clue at Isaac Newtons tomb in Westminster Abbey, as Newton was another member of the Priory. Langdon and Neveau catch up with him, and chase him into the nearby hapter house. Teabing explained that he wanted to find Mary Magdalenes remains to prove he was correct about the Holy Grail and threatens to shoot Sophie if Langdon does not open the cryptex. Langdon throws the cryptex into the air, and Teabing fumbles and destroys it. Distraught at not receiving the code, Teabing is arrested, but Langdon had cracked the code (Apple, a reference to Newton) and removed the cl ue from the cryptex before destroying it. Using the clue, they travel to Rosslyn Chapel in Scotland where Magdalenes remains had previously been hidden. The remains had since been moved, but they meet other members of the secret organization that protected her. Sophie is actually Magdalenes descendant and therefore is the current living descendant of Jesus Christ. They vow to keep her safe before going their separate ways. In Paris, Langdon accidentally cuts himself while shaving and the line of blood on the sink reminds him of the Rose Line. He follows the Rose Line and finds the location of the Holy Grail, buried under the pyramid in the Louvre. Langdon then kneels above Mary Magdalenes tomb as the Knights Templar did before him. first-rate thriller . The exposition is actually the best and most valuable part of the film A great film to look at and Salvatore Totinos cinematography is pitch-perfect. This is a servicable enough adaptation, but like many others, the book is of course far better. Robert Langdon is a symbology professor who gets called into a criminal investigation that gets him wrongfully implicated. On the way to figu ring things out for himself, he begins a quest to discover the truth about the Holy Grail, the details having some very shocking revelations. I really liked the book. Its a standard thriller sure, but its so well written and thought provoking. In the end, you need to just put personal beliefs aside (same here) and just accept it as riveting and entertaing fiction. Even though it is just fiction, the details of the truth behind the Holy Grail are so well argued that Dan Browns ideas actually do seem like a realistic and plausible scenario. With this adaptation, it seems a little stiff, and more overly serious than the book, but its mostly faithful, for the most. Some details had to be changed for time concerns, others for content, but the end result here could be far worse. I enjoyed this a fair amount when I first saw it, but in revisiting it, some of that has worn off, and the films not as good as I initially thought, but its hardly a failure. Its just not as gripping and suspenseful as the book. The film is really well cast though, and their performances are better than average, especially those by Bettany and McKellan. The location shooting is good, the direction is fair, and having Howard as director ensures that the film has some decent clout and production values. All in all, its okay. The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn – Part 1) is a 2011 romanticfantasy film directed by Bill Condon and based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer. The first part of a two-part film forms the fourth installment in the The Twilight Saga series. All three main cast members, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprise their roles. Plot Further information: Breaking Dawn The film starts out as Bella Swan plans her wedding with the Cullen family. Before the wedding, Edward Cullen tells Bella that he has murdered people in the past. Undaunted by this, Bella and Edward go ahead with the wedding. During the reception following her wedding to Edward, Bella is visited by her friend Jacob Black. When Bella admits that she and Edward plan to consummate their marriage during their honeymoon, Jacob becomes angry but is held back by his pack. He then runs off into the woods, and Edward takes an upset Bella back to the reception. The couple spends their honeymoon on the Cullens private Brazilian island. Although hesitant, Edward has sex with Bella for the first time. After, Edward realizes that he bruised Bellas arm, back and shoulders during sex and he vows to never be intimate with her again, much to her disappointment; he later gives in to her seductions. Two weeks into their honeymoon, Bella discovers that she is pregnant with a baby growing at an extraordinarily accelerated rate. After consulting with Carlisle, they rush back to Forks. Bella refuses to consider having an abortion, and enlists Rosalies help to protect her wishes. Opposed to Sam Uleys plans to kill Bella and her child, which is thought to be a demon, Jacob angrily leaves his pack and arrives at the Cullens to protect Bella; Seth and Leah Clearwater join him, forming a new wolf pack. As the pregnancy progresses, Bellas health severely deteriorates. As a last resort, she begins drinking blood, which satisfies the fetus vampiric thirst and allows her to regain some strength. Soon afterward, Bella goes into a painful labor and gives birth to her child, Renesmee, anconflation of the names of Bellas mother, Renee and Edwards adoptive mother, Esme. To save her life, Edward injects Bellas heart with his venom to transform her into a vampire, but nothing seems to happen and Bella is thought to be dead. Greatly distraught, Jacob attempts to kill the baby, but stops when he realizes he has imprinted on the child. When the werewolves learn of Bellas death, they attack the Cullens house in an attempt to kill the baby. They are forced to stop after learning Jacob has imprinted on Renesmee (imprinting is the involuntary response when a werewolf finds his soul mate; thus under their wolf law, Renesmee cannot be harmed).

Theory Of Child Development Children And Young People Essay

Theory Of Child Development Children And Young People Essay Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological system theory was created to focus on the quality and satisfaction of the childs environment. He believed that as a child grow and develop the way he/she interact with the environment becomes more complex. His theory was created to answer the question How does the environment helps or stops the development of a child? (Paquette, Ryan, 2001) The Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological system theory of child development has 5 systems that greatly impact the development of children. These systems consist of rules, norms and roles that is responsible for the shaping in childrens development. The names of these systems are microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. (schoolworkhelper- St. Rosemary Educational Institution. Growth and Development Theory: URIE BRONFENBRENNER (1917-2005), n.d). Microsystem is define as the direct environment a child lives in, including the childs interaction with any immediate relationship or organisation. The immediate relationship will be family members, peer groups, neighbourhood and the immediate organisation will be school or day-care. The way that these groups, schools and organisation interact with the child will play a major role in the childs development. The more warming, comfortable, encouraging, and nurturing the relationship and organisation are the better the child will develop and grow. (Oswalt, 2008). Also the impact of the relationship occurs in two directions; away from the child and toward the child. An example will be a childs parent may affect his/her behaviour but the child can also affect the behaviour of the parents. Urie Bronfenbrenner refers to this mechanism as bi-directional influences. (schoolworkhelper- St. Rosemary Educational Institution. Growth and Development Theory: URIE BRONFENBRENNER (1917-2005), n.d). A n example of bi-directional influence will be A friendly, attentive child is likely to evoke positive and patient reactions from parents, whereas an irritable or distractible child is more likely to be a target of parental impatience, restriction and punishment. (Collins etal. 2000; Crockenberg Leekers, 2003a). Mesosystem is use to describes the different parts of the microsystem such as home, school, neighbourhood and day-care working together for the benefit of the child (Oswalt, 2008). The way a parent and a child will interact with each other at home is likely to affect the way that child interacts with the caregiver in child care settings and vice versa. (Brek, 2000 ). An example of mesosytem will be if a childs caregiver plays an active role in school, such as volunteering to be a part of activities, attend parent teacher meetings, year level meetings, class meetings and even watching the child play games like soccer, basketball, tennis etc will help ensure the growth and development of the child. (Oswalt, 2008). This is because a childs academic process does not only depend on what goes on in the classrooms but the involvement of the parents or caregiver (Epstein Sanders, 2002), and as long as the parents or caregiver show interest in what the child is doing then the child will be w illing to do and achieve more which will result in proper growth and development. Another way to show how the mesosystem works in shaping the development of a child is by family-neighbourhood connections. For example a child that has an economic disadvantage can benefit greatly from family-neighbourhood relationship. You see, rich families do not depend on their immediate surroundings for social support or education. Therefore they can afford to take their children to lessons and better quality schools in other communities. ( Elliott etal. 1996). Now a poor family will depend on their immediate surroundings for social support and education. After school programmes that offer child care to families and art, music, sports, scouting, dancing, singing etc to the child are linked to improve the performance in school in middle age childhood and psychological adjustment.( Posner vandell,1994; Vandell posner, 1999). Religious youth groups and special interest clubs like circle K that is p rovided by neighbourhood organisation will help the development in adolescence, by raising their self-esteem, enhancing their performance and achievement at school and giving them the knowledge on how to behave responsibly in society. (Gonzales etal., 1996; Kerestes Youniss,2003). Exosystem refers to the places and people that the child may not interact with regularly but plays an important role in the child growth and development. These places and people will be the parents workplace, the neighbourhood, extended family members etc. An example of exosystem will be if a childs parent is fired or laid off from work then the household will only have one set of income or no income at all. This will result in the parent not being able to pay rent, buy groceries or even send the child to school which will negatively impact the child development and growth (Oswalt, 2008). In fact research confirms the negative impact of a break down in exosystem show an increase rates of conflict and child abuse.( Emery Laumann-billings, 1998). However if that child parent receives a promotion or a raise at work, then the parent can provide a proper home, satisfy the child needs when the child is hungry and send he/she to school which will positively impact the child development (Os walt, 2008). Macrosystem consist of all systems mention above, the cultures, the general beliefs, written and unwritten principles that governs everyone on society behaviours. These principles can either be legal, political, economic, religious or educational (schoolworkhelper- St. Rosemary Educational Institution. Growth and Development Theory: URIE BRONFENBRENNER (1917-2005), n.d). The macrosystem can be defined as the effect of larger principles having a cascading influence throughout the interactions of all other layers (Paquette, Ryan, 2001). For example: If in a particular culture the belief is that parents should have full responsibility of raising their child, it is highly unlikely that the culture will provide any resources to assist the parent. As a result the structures at which the parent functions will be affected. The parent ability or inability to handle the responsibility toward their child within the childs microsystem is affected (Paquette, Ryan, 2001). Chronosystem is refered to by Urie Bronfenbrenner as the temporal dimension of his model. The environment is always changing. Important events that may occur throughout a childs life like birth of a sibling, going to school for the first time, parents being divorce are able to alter existing relationships between that child and the environment resulting in new conditions that can affect development. Also the timing of environmental change affects the impact. For example: A toodler having a brother or sister will experience different consequence than a schhol-age child with activities and relationships beyond the family. As a child gets older they have the ability to select, modify and create many of their own settings and experiences. This ability depends on the child physical, intellectual, personal characteristics and their environmental opportunities. Children are both products and producers of their environment therefore both the child and the environment form a network of interd ependent effects in ecological system theory (Brek, 2000). So far we have outline Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory of child development. Now we will discuss how this theory informs the socialization agents that influence growth and development. Before we get into the discussion we will first define what a socialization agent is. A socialization agent is people like parents, family members, peers, teachers, social institutions like school, community centers and religious institutions that assist with incorporating an individual with society. There are 4 major agents of socialization in society; family, school, community culture and peers. The other agents will be mass media, gender and work. All the agents mentioned above are further divided into socialization groups. The groups are primary agents, secondary agents and social class. Primary agents of socialization are made up of people that are very close to the individual like family, teachers and friends. The most important primary agent of socialisation will be the family because they help shape the life, development and behaviour of an individual with in the society. Secondary agents of socialization are institutions that assist the individual in finding their place within the society. Secondary socialization agents include religious instutions, schools, community centers, work places etc. Schools are responsible for improving a child social skill which helps him/ her incorporate well with the surrounding society. Social classes will be the lower class, working middle class and higher elite class. In other words social class is dividing an individual within the society (Baxamusa, 2011). Now there is a better understand of what socialization agents are we can discuss how Urie Bronfenbrenner theory informs them. However the focus will only be on the socialization agents that influence growth and development. There are family, educators, schools and community centres. Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological theory informed educators in how to handle and analysis situation that may occur in schools whether it is pre-school, primary or secondary school. For example: Akelia is sitting in an art class using markers to draw pictures. Henderson joins her at the table and begins to cut scrap paper with a scissors. Akelia place a piece of paper in the centre of the desk, now Henderson thought that it was scrap paper and begin to cut it in pieces. Akelia looks over to what Henderson is doing, when she realise the paper Henderson was cutting was the piece she place in the centre, she jump up and shouted NO!!!!!! That is moms!! while pulling the paper out of Henderson hands. Suddenly Akelia punch Henderson in the ribs before the teacher can arrive at the desk. In this scenario an educator that is informed by Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological theory will conclude that Akelias mesosystem is aggressive or forceful and the way Akelias family members, neighbours or parents i nteract with her is violent or hostile resulting in Akelia developing that way towards others. So instead of punishing Akelia the educator will talk to her parents about her behaviour towards other and try to come to an agreement on how to deal with the situation so Akelia can grow and develop in a more positive way. This approach will be better than punishment because if Akelia is punish it will only make her more hostil. This is because Akelia thinks that her behaviour is right because that is what she knows from home and that is how she developed. Therefore she will not understand the reason she is being punish and will exhibit very hostile behaviour towards the educator and nothing will be resolved. Also the educator informed by Urie Bronfenbrenner theory will reflect on her class room environment or school environment to make sure that Akelias microsystem is not interacting with her in any violent or hostile way to make her respond to the situation the way she did. If the mesos ystem interaction with Akelia is violent or hostile then the educator will go to higher authorities to talk on how the school is interacting with students and how it is impacting the growth and development of students in a negative way. Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological theory informed programmes that are put in place in schools and communities centers. For example:The school may have sports programmes, social worker programmes, donation programmes and guidance counsellors to work with students who microsystem and mesosystem is broken where the parents or family members, home and neighbourhood are very aggressive, forceful, hostile violent towards the child resulting in the child being emotional scared and growing and developing into a very angry person. When this occur the guidance counsellor of the school will interact with the child, place the child in afterschool programs like sports to help release tension and violent energy, the guidance counsellor may also alert social workers to interact with the parents and try to make better environment for the child so the child can have great growth and development. Also students who exosystem may be broken or breaking down. For instance the mother might lost her job or sal ary has been cut and the child may be not attending school for long periods of time because the parents do not have sufficient funds to send him. When the child does attend school he is in fights because of the broken exosystem the parents are constantly fighting and on the verge to getting a divorce. This then leads to the child undergoing a life changing event which hinders his growth and development because he do not want to socialize or be a part of school activities or school. The school will have a guidance counsellor interact with the child and be there through the stages the help the child cope with the life changing events without hindering the growth and development. Also students who are in a particular culture that believe that parents should take full responsibility for raising their child and no resources are given to the parent. If the parents do not have the ability to take on that responsibility because one parent is handicap and the other addicted to drugs then the school donation programme will be able to provide for the child so the broken macrosystem will not hinder the child growth or development or cause the child to grow and develop in a negative way. Urie Bronfenbrenner

HMMs Pattern Recognition

HMMs Pattern Recognition Assignment 3 of Pattern recognition is on HMMs. It should contain a detailed report on HMMs. The topics covered should include: 1. An introduction to HMM and its uses. 1. Problems of HMM, their explanation and relation to prior, posterior, and evidence. 2. Solution to the problems of HMM and their algorithms. Pattern Recognition Assignment # 3 Name: Muhammad Sohaib Jamal An Introduction to HMM and its Uses A Hidden Markov Model HMM is a stochastic model which has a series of observable variable X which is generated by hidden state Y. In an indirect way HMM consist of hidden states which has output that is comprised of a set of observations. Simple Markov Model models the states are directly observables means the states are directly output while in HMM the states are hidden and different form the observables or output. HMM is very reliable model for probabilistic estimation. HMM have applications in pattern recognitions such as speech recognition, gesture and hand writing recognition, computational Bioinformatics, etc. Suppose we are considering three trails of a coin toss experiment and the person who is observing only know the results of the experiment when another person announces the result who is hidden in a closed room from the person noting the results. The result of this coin experiment can be any set of heads and tails e.g. THT, HHH, THH, TTT, THT etc. The person observing the results can get any sequence of heads and tails, and it is not possible to predict any specific sequence that will occur. The Observation Set is completely unpredictable and random. Lets assume that the third trail of coin toss experiment will produce more Head than the Tails. The resulting sequence will obviously have more number of heads then tails for this particular case. This is called Emission probability denoted by Bj(O). Now we suppose that the chance of flipping the third trail after the first and second trail is approximately zero. Then, the transition from 1st and 2nd trail to 3rd trail will be actually very small and as an outcome yields very little number heads if the person starts flipping the coin from 2nd trail to 3rd trail. This is called Transition probability denoted by aij. Assume that each trail has some probability associated with the previous trail, then the person will start the process of flipping from that particular coin. This is known to be the Initial probability denoted by à Ã¢â€š ¬i. The sequence of number of heads or tails is known to be the observables and the number of trail is said to be the state of the HMM. HMM is composed of: N number of hidden states S1, S2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦., SN M number of observations O1, O2, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, OM The à Ã¢â€š ¬i (Initial state probability) Output Probability or Emission Probability B: P (OM | SN), where OM is observation and SN is the state. Transition probability matrix A = [ aij ]. Transition probabilities aij. Mathematically the model is represented as HMM ÃŽÂ » = {ÃŽÂ  , A, B} Problems of HMM and their explanations HMM has three basic types of problems: The Evaluation problem: Suppose we have an HMM, complete with transition probabilities aij and output probabilities bjk. We need to determine the probability that a particular sequence of observables states OT was generated by that model. The Decoding problem: The transition probabilities, output probabilities and set of observations OT is given and we want to determine the most likely sequence of hidden states ST that led to those observations. The Learning problem: In such problem the number of states and observation are given but we need to find the probabilities aij and bjk. With the given set of training observations, we will determine the probabilities aij and bjk. Relation of HMM to Prior, Posterior and evidence The à Ã¢â€š ¬i (Initial state probability) is analogous to the Prior probability. Because the initial probability is given before the set of experiments take place. This property of initial probability is identical to that of prior probability. Similarly, the output probability or emission probability B: P (OM | SN) is analogous to the posterior probability. The posterior probability is used in forward backward algorithm. In the same manner, evidence is the probability the next state is C given that the current state is state Sj. So the evidence is analogous to the transition probability A. Solution to the problems of HMM and their algorithms From the above mentioned discussion, we know that there are three different of problems in HMM. In this section we will briefly know how these problems are solved Evaluation problem, this type of problem is solved the using Forward-Backward algorithm. Decoding problem, for such type of HMM problem we use the Viterbi algorithm or posterior decoding Training problem, in case of this type of problem we have the Baun-Welch re-estimation algorithm to solve it. Forward-Backward algorithm The forward and backward steps are combined by the Forward-Backward algorithm to estimate the probability of each state for a specific time t, and repeating these steps for each t can result in the sequence having the most likely probability. This algorithm doesnt guarantee that the sequence is valid sequence because it considers every individual step. The forward algorithm has the following three steps: Initialization step Iterations Summation of overall states . Similarly, for backward algorithm we have the same steps like the forward algorithm: Initialization step Iterations Summation of overall states Viterbi algorithm Viterbi algorithm is used to find the most likely hidden states, resulting in a sequence of observed events. The relationship between observations and states can be inferred from the given image. In first step Viterbi algorithm initialize the variable In second step the process is iterated for every step In third step the iteration ends In Fourth step we track the best path Baun-Welch re-estimation algorithm Baun-Welch re-estimation algorithm is used to compute the unknown parameters in hidden Markov model HMM. Baun-Welch re-estimation algorithm can be best described using the following example. Assume we collect eggs from chicken every day. The chicken had lay eggs or not depends upon unknown factors. For simplicity assume that there are only 2 states (S1 and S2) that determine that the chicken had lay eggs. Initially we dont know about the state, transition and probability that the chicken will lay egg given specific state. To find initial probabilities, suppose all the sequences starting with S1 and find the maximum probability and then repeat the same procedure for S2. Repeat these steps until the resulting probabilities converge. Mathematically it can be References Andrew Ng (2013), an online course for Machine learning, Stanford University, Stanford, https://class.coursera.org/ml-004/class. Duda and Hart, Pattern Classification (2001-2002), Wiley, New York. http://en.wikipedia.org http://hcicv.blogspot.com/2012/07/hidden-markov-model-for-dummies.html http://www.mathworks.com/help/stats/hidden-markov-models-hmm.html http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/roger/HiddenMarkovModels/html_dev/viterbi_algorithm/s3_pg3.html

Energy Crisis Of The United States Essay -- Energy Oil Gas USA Petroli

Energy Crisis Of The United States Content May be Outdated At the beginning of the year the President of the United States announced that the United States was in the middle of a nation wide energy crisis. The President gave many solutions including using more solar and wind energy, nuclear power, and drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). The President told the American people that they would have to watch their energy use and conserve as much as possible. Gas prices reached $2 per gallon in the Midwest for the second straight summer, and California continued to be hit by unprecedented power woes that forced rolling blackouts. The price of crude oil rose sharply, from around $10 a barrel to a peak of $37. The current rate has settled at about $26 per barrel. The cost of home heating oil rose as well. ?Many energy analysts, while willing to apply the term 'energy crisis' to California, say the nation, as a whole is not in the throes of a crisis. They note that oil imports continue unabated and say the current price pr oblems come from shortcomings in the transmission of energy to companies and consumers.'(Energy Conservation News, 2000) At the moment, our biggest problems, in the oil market, are that the United States is in the clinches of the mighty oil countries that decide how much oil to pump and sell to the United States. When an oil producing country is angry at the United States withholding oil until demands are met seems to be a popular solution. Leaving the United States to seek alternative oil sources to pump so as not to be at the mercy of these smaller oil producing countries and their blackmail attempts. The top three producers of oil are; Saudi Arabia with 8.10 billion barrels, United States with 3.24 billion barrels, and Russia with 2.56 billion barrels in a year. The top three consumers of oil are; United States with 7.06 billion barrels, Japan with 1.18 billion barrels, and China with 0.50 billion barrels in a year. The United States would have to almost triple its producing efforts to equal the consumption rate. Early last year, environmentalist and United States oil company executives found thems elves sharing the same concern: low oil prices. As the year began, the average cost of crude oil continued to fall despite high demands during a cold winter, limited reserve capacity among members of OPEC and the con... ...e 1). Waste Treatment Technology News. 10. Ebersole, R. (2001, November 14). ?Nuclear Reactions.? Current Science. 6. Fineman, H. & Isikoff, M. (2001, May 14). ?Big Energy At The Table.? Newsweek. 18-22. ?Fuel Cell Energy Expands.? (2000, June 1). Fuel Cell Technology News. 9. Holdren, J. (2001, July 1). ?Energy Policy.? Science and Technology. 5. Kluger, J. (2001, April 9). ?A Climate of Despair.? Time. 30-36. Lemonick, M. (2001, April 9). ?Life In the Greenhouse.? Time. 24-29. McCarthy, T. (2001, July 16). ?High Noon In The West.? Time. 18-32. Piore, A. (2001, July 30). ?A Nuke Train Gets Ready to Roll.? Newsweek. 26-28. ?Progress in Reducing Energy Intensity.? (2000, June 1). Energy Conservation New. 11. Reynolds, P. (1998, October 5). ?Solar Power Players Moves And Mergers In The Oil Industry Cast New Light On The Fast-Growing Solar Energy Market.? Time International. 55. Sloan, A. (2001, May 14). ?Profiting From The Darkness.? Newsweek. 23. ?Squeezing Liquid Fuel From Natural Gas.? (2000, June 1). Industries in Transition. 2. ?Ultra capacitor module delivers 150 kJ of storage.? (1998, October 12). Electronic Buyer News. 41.

Research Psychology :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Research Psychology    I believe I have many characteristics and interests that would make me a good candidate for graduate school. I am a very introspective person; I put a lot of thought into what I do and why I do it. I constantly evaluate myself and my progress in making and reaching goals. One goal I have had for many years is to go on to graduate school. I know I have enough will and interest to make my goal a reality.    I have always enjoyed school and learning. My love of learning has been a key to my academic success and involvement. I am a Social an Behavioral Sciences Scholar, a National Merit Scholar, and a member of two honor societies, Phi Eta Sigma and Psi Chi. I also find I learn a lot by interacting with others. I participate in several clubs on campus. I was a member of the Student Environment Action Coalition (SEAC), and I helped to organize a benefit concert to raise money to save rain forests. I am currently involved in Anthropology Club, and Psychology Club. For Psychology Club, I am Vice President of Special Events; I help come up with topics for meetings, and I was in charge of publicity for our annual Volunteer Open House.    I enjoy being challenged, so I take heavy course loads and variety of classes. I will graduate with two Bachelor's degrees, in psychology and anthropology, after only three years and one summer of undergraduate study. I have been on the Dean's List every semester and have maintained a 4.0 GPA in psychology. I feel the courses I have taken have helped focus my interests and have prepared me for graduate work. Anthropology has given me a broader perspective on human attitudes, feelings, and behaviors than psychology alone. However, psychology as remained my favorite subject. I was a teaching assistant for Research Methods in psychology. This allowed me to work with others on all aspects of research from developing ideas to revising papers. I also had the opportunity to be a research assistant. I helped with data collection and putting it into a computer program. Next semester, I will be taking an honors course called Youth an Children: Issues and Controversies. As part of this class I will be volunteering with the Young Parents Together program and the Family and Children Council.

Good Morning, Vietnam

Good Morning, Vietnam follows disc jockey Adrian Cronauer as he is reassigned to the Armed Forces Radio Saigon airwaves in Saigon, Vietnam in 1965. Throughout the film Cronauer experiences the bombing of a G. I. bar, and attempts to start a relationship with a Vietnamese woman. However, he runs into trouble as he finds the Vietnamese culture to be very different from his own. He experiences first hand the civilian attacks as buildings are blown up without warning or reason, and the tactics behind guerilla warfare as he befriends Vietnamese citizens who he doesn’t know are actually Vietcong. His radio shows provide comic relief to all the soldiers, but infuriates his superiors as he wants to report actual news about the war to the soldiers and not just what is approved to be aired (Good Morning, Vietnam). This movie is set during the Vietnam war so, it is crucial to understand the war in order to understand this movie. In 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson took office and had to make a crucial decision on America’s limited military involvement in the Vietnam conflict. This was because of the naval incident in the Gulf of Tonkin. North Vietnamese gunboats supposedly shot at U. S. warships in the Gulf of Tonkin allowing Johnson to persuade Congress that this was an act of aggression. Thus, Johnson received a blank check to take â€Å"all necessary measures† needed to aid the United States in Vietnam (Newman). Communist leader Ho Chi Minh led the Vietcong guerillas in the North. He developed an elaborate 9,940 mile network of roads built from the North to the South to aid North Vietnam troops and the Vietcong. This network of roads was referred to as the Ho Chi Minh Trail and was the target of numerous American air strikes (Ho Chi Minh Trail). However, the creation the Ho Chi Minh trail crossed the demilitarized zone, which had been established at the 17th parallel as a combat-free zone during the Potsdam Conference (DMZ Vietnam). With tensions increasing, especially after a car bomb detonates outside the U. S. embassy in Saigon wounding two-hundred and killing two Americans and twenty Vietnamese (Vietnam War Timeline: 1965). Johnson approved the deployment of an additional 18,000 to 20,000 men and, a few months later, increased the number of U. S. troops in Vietnam to 125,000 men (Vietnam War Timeline: 1965). In protest, Buddhist monks set themselves on fire and the Vietcong used guerilla warfare tactics (Newman). In February 1965, the United States mobilized Operation Rolling Thunder, an air war against North Vietnam in an effort to stop their movement South (Vietnam War 1965-1968). Air strikes were coupled with napalm, sticky fuel-gel fire bombs which severely burn their targets, and plastic explosives, a chemical bomb which produces an explosion that is impossible to outrun (Napalm, C-4 Plastic Explosives). By the end of 1965, U. S. roop levels approached 184,300 men, while South Vietnam soldiers abandoned the cause as the North infiltrated and captured Saigon in February of 1968 in the Tet Offensive (Vietnam War Timeline: 1965). This was a surprise attack on many of the South Vietnamese capitals and American bases. The chaos and destruction seen on television on the home front caused much controversy over the United States’ involvement in the Vietnam War (Newman). The United States at this time was not just at war abroad, but also faced conflict on the home front. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as leading demonstrations against racial discrimination, especially at the polls (Newman). Anti-war movements also gained momentum in 1965 and peaked in 1968. The first march to Washington took place in 1967 and 1968 and were the largest anti-war movements of the time. This led to extreme pacifists following the Buddhist monk’s public burnings, as well as the public burning of draft cards, an act punishable by law (Vietnam Protest Movement). President Johnson faced dramatic opposition to the war on the home front, which only increased as the war progressed. Some argued that this was due to the relative freedom of television reporters to broadcast whatever they wanted about the war; thus, not only showing the positives, but also the downfalls in the war (Vietnam Protest Movement). Good Morning, Vietnam is entirely focused on the war as seen by those experiencing it first hand in Saigon. Therefore, the film does not greatly reflect any of these home front issues. It does however, contradict the idea of little censorship of war facts. Although on the home front journalists may have been able to report whatever they felt they wanted to share, this was not true on military airwaves (Newman). The film depicts Cronauer constantly fighting to get the true events of the war out for his listeners to hear; however, heavy censorship by the Armed Forces Radio Saigon prevent this from occurring. This creates a source of great conflict especially after a Vietcong bombing. The movie, therefore, reflects the element of surprise which was employed by the Vietcong through their guerilla warfare tactics (Good Morning, Vietnam). Before viewing this film, I knew that unusual war tactics were utilized and that people had strong opposition to the war. Yet, I felt that it was much like every other war the that the United States was involved in. This film reinforced my views as it showed the true devastation which the guerilla tactics cause through the killings of innocent civilians. When the bomb went off at Jimmy Wah’s G. I. bar, Cronauer was lucky to have been tricked into leaving by his new Vietnamese friend (Good Morning, Vietnam). All the innocent people inside, both American and Vietnamese were just unfortunate bystanders in the wrong place at the wrong time. Not only did it reinforce my view but it also altered my perceptions. This film added to my views just how much was being kept from the soldiers. This was illustrated through the identical twins who had to officially announce and approve all news which came in to the radio station before it could be read on air by Cronauer (Good Morning, Vietnam). Also, just the complete Americanization that was forced upon many of the Vietnamese was shocking to me. Although they may have been taking English classes from the American troops by themselves, just the presence of so many foreigners in their country and potentially clashing with their culture amazed me. There was no better way to feature this than with Cronauer’s love for Trinh, a Vietnamese girl. The first date with her entire family is something that would never happen in America, yet there it was totally normal (Good Morning, Vietnam). Overall, I did enjoy watching this film. It was a refreshing, yet eye opening view of the Vietnam conflict as it used humor to get the events of the war across, but also highlighted the intensity and chaos of war. It was an unusual way to see war portrayed and I found it very enjoyable. It helped me to feel the anxieties and frustration surrounding the war without focusing on just combat alone. Good Morning, Vietnam showcased the more social component to the Vietnam War which provided a fresh angle.

Luxury Brands Insights Essay

all e verywhere familys, Indias tryst with extravagance condescension names has changed gears. With game dispos satisfactory incomes and a perceptiveness for all told things highlife amongst affluent Indians on the put up, the country is emerging as the quest(a) stopover for humanswide high life punctuates much(prenominal) as Gucci, Christian Dior and Versace. However, we moldiness authorise that extravagance merchandiseplaceing is a full sassy ball-game al unneurotic, both(prenominal)(prenominal) from the perspective of the food merchandi sop upr as tumesce as the extravagance consumer. It therefore becomes crucial to view it both in relation and isolation from the prescribed graves food marketplaceplace.To carry out the supra objective, we would branch manner at how high life goods ar antithetic from unfaltering goods and then go on to explore some facets and trends of the sumptuosity goods as well as their market and consumers. This analysis would finally sum up into a SWOT analysis of the highlife goods segment, thereby helping in obtaining a razzs eye view of the fly the coop at hand. Considering that the opulence concept has breakinged to the peeled consequence, we would further delve into that aspect to view the drivers for sumptuousness smears presently, as well in the c finesseridge clip to come.This is followed by a sumptuousness potence determination of the Indian market both in terms of graded proceeds factors as well as qualitative initiatives. INDEX Abstract5 Objectives & Sub Objectives6 enquiry Design6 Getting To K instantly luxuriousness8 Difference among Regular & sumptuosity Goods10 Luxury In India14 Qualitative Insights15 Quantitative Insights16 The Affluent Indian Profiling The Indian Luxury Consumers17 categorisation Of The Indian Luxury Consumer21 4p Trends24 Consumer Trends29 Strategies For Luxury market In India57 Moving Forward66 References69 Annexure70.Why do I ge t to k at matchless date how the observe market is doing? Im in the wrinkle of sumptuosity Partick Heiniger, CEO, Rolex GETTING TO realisticize sumptuousness Luxury stags hold up practically been associated with the core competences of creativity, exclusivity, craftsmanship, precision, high note, innovation and bounty pricing. These point of inter persona attri stilles draw the consumers the satisfaction of not al wholeness owning expensive items besides the extra-added mental benefits comparable esteem, prestigiousness and a signified of a high status that re take heeds them and differents that they break pull down to an scoopful group of totally a select few, who raft afford these pricy items.The prodigality welkin coffin nails its convergences and operate at consumers on the top-end of the wealth spectrum. These self-selected elite argon to a greater extent than(prenominal) or less hurt insensitive and choose to spend their time and currency on objects that ar merely opulence alternatively than necessities. For these reasons, prodigality and prestige smears allow for centuries commanded an unwavering and often abrupt customer committedness. Luxury, derived from the Latin word luxus, core indulgence of the senses, regardless of cost. Luxury grunges argon dirts whose ratio of working(a) usefulness to equipment casualty is low mend that of intangible utility to equipment casualty is high.Such strike outs dower characteristics the likes of consistent premium quality, a hereditary pattern of craftsmanship, a recognisable air or design, a limited produceion political campaign of any item to ensure exclusivity, an comp hotshotnt part of uniqueness and an ability to keep mindinger up with new designs when the kin is fashion-intensive. THE market for marvellousness grimes in our country has bring out in recent times. With income levels going up, customers on the watch to buy such nocks atomic summate 18 ontogenesis in numbers. According to an NCAER Household Income Survey, in 2001-02, there were 20,000 families in India with annual incomesof more than than Rs 1 crore. By 2005, that number increase to almost 53,000. By 2010, India result suck some 1, 40,000 crorepatis. Retail management fraternity KSA Technopak estimates the market for high life and high-end clothing in India at Rs 1,000 crore and for accessories at another Rs 1,000 crore. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE extravagance labor 1. Luxury is a harvesting category in itself This elicit be best explained by the fact that both an expensive watch and an ar twainrk good deal be considered to be high life items.Therefore, all prodigality marketers atomic number 18 not full competing in their technically defined overlap categories (like manufacturers of refrigerators compete amongst themselves) scarce for the wallet sh atomic number 18 of high life goods in total. 2. The heart and soul of lavishness had c hanged Luxury has moved from its old meaning of ownership that is as well as distinguishn as conspicuous use of goods and go Conspicuous consumption is a term used to absorb the plentiful spending on goods and function that are acquired mainly for the purpose of introing income or wealth rather than to make full a real need of the consumer.In the mind of a conspicuous consumer, such showing serves as a substance of attaining or maintaining fond status. Invidious consumption, a infallible corollary, is the term applied to consumption of goods and wait ons for the deliberate purpose of inspiring begrudge in others has now changed its objects to the new meaning of the experience / fulfilment derived from possessing a original object. 3. Aura is more important than exclusivity Exclusivity is something that cannot be ensured to a great extent and neither is it the prime requirement of a opulence consumer.The consumer bases his decisions on the relevance of the aura of t he speck to his fulfilment or actualization unavoidably. 4. trade up A mass of squiffy pot occupy emerged the foundation over, give rise to a large section of consumers who are now moving to sumptuousness / premium grunges, thereby creating greater short letter opportunity for sumptuosity marketers. 5. Trading down Today, fashion brands are giving highlife brands competition because of marketing mix and branding strategies, which make it acceptable to pair these two brands. This is something that was not practiced before. eg. raiding an Armani fit out with a pair of GAP jeans 6. consequence of prodigality brands.Sea of sumptuousness brands discombobulate emerged giving a enormous superior to consumers, in all segments of highlife goods. 7. Factors at play In high life marketing there is a astute interplay amongst triple factors that most strongly beguile the extravagance consumer to buy product brand dealer or chisel ins brand or service of process pro fferrs character and harm/value relationship 8. guest loyalty is more important that brand advisedness Rather than focus on measuring the brand sentience of a luxury political party, measuring customer loyalty is far more significant a metric regarding the achievement or mishap of corporate strategy to connect with the luxury consumer.CONSUMER PERSPECTIVES TOWARDS highlife Consumers can be single out in 3 groups accord to what luxury means to them Luxury is Functional these consumers slope to buy luxury products for their superior functionality and quality. Consumers in this segment, the largest of the three, tend to be older and wealthier and are involuntary to spend more money to buy things that allow last and leave enduring value. They buy a wide array of luxury goods, from artwork to vacations, and put up extensive pre-purchase research, making logical decisions rather than emotional or impulsive.Messages that highlight product quality and are learning-intensi ve are mighty with this group. Luxury is Reward these consumers tend to be younger than the first group but older than the trinity. They use luxury goods as a status symbol to offer Ive do it They are move by their desire to be palmy and demonstrate this to others. Luxury brands that have general recognition are popular, however they put ont wish to appear lavish or hedonistic in their appearance. They deprivation to purchase smart luxury that demonstrates grandness bandage not leaving them blunt to criticism.Marketing messages that communicate acceptable exclusivity vibrate with this group. Luxury is Indulgence this group is the s centre of attentionest of the three and tends to include younger consumers and slightly more males than the other two groups. Their purpose for luxury goods is to lavish themselves in self-indulgence. They are willing to pay a premium for goods that stockpile their individuality and make others take signalise and are not overly interested with product longevity or feasible criticism. They enjoy luxury for the way it makes them feel therefore they have a more emotional approach to purchases.They respond well to messages that highlight the unique and emotional qualities of a product. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REGULAR & LUXURY GOODS Luxury has never been something easy to define, except this mystery concept is something highly craved by one and all alike. We ascertain at delving deeper into this mystery and aura of luxury goods by way of comparing them against regular goods as well as highlight the characteristics of the luxury exertion. Strategies for Luxury Marketing in India There are conventional foundations for ensuring success of a brand and they are listed downstairs in brief 1.The brand mustiness(prenominal) be expansive Which means it should be full of innovation opportunities for the marketer and in terms of satisfying the divergent needs of the luxury consumer 2. The brand must distinguish a story It is thi s story, of either inheritance or carrying out or other aspects that goes on to build the aura of a brand over time. The story eer accentuates the identity of the brand. 3. The brand must be relevant to the consumers needs Depending upon the mind see of the luxury class, it is imperative for a brand to satisfy those needs, whether they are for recognition or functional use etc.4. The brand must align with consumers value A brand that does not concur with the basic values of a consumers society has a small chance of succeeding because luxury items are forms of expression or denomination for a luxury consumer. This makes it difficult for the consumer to play the brand in such oddballs. 5. The brand must perform Irrespective of which category the brand belongs to, a performance potency is a must for the brand if it wishes to be in the evoked set of luxury consumers, considering the price being paid for luxury. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW.In the past, brands like Liz Claiborne and Pierre Car din tried and true Indian waters but do a hasty retreat side by side(p) poor customer response. This led to a general perception that India is still not ready for luxury brands. But now that impression is changing. Many courseing global luxury brand marketers have started victorious our market seriously. Luxury goods marketing is a different ball game as the type of customers involved fall in a different class al unneurotic. These customers are influenced more by glamour and mode and want to stand out in a crowd.They do not drub an eyelid whey they buy a Vuitton bag costing Rs 50,000 or a Mont Blanc diamond-encrusted pen for Rs 50 lakh, Ermenegildo Zegnas top-of the-line, custom-tailored vitrine costing Rs 6 lakh or a mid-range Louis Vuitton briefcase priced Rs 1. 27 lakh. As these figures suggest, luxury brands are prestige products characterised by high-involvement decision-making that is strongly related to the persons self-concept. sensory(prenominal) gratification and well-disposed approval are the primary factors in selecting a prestige product.Cutting prices or giving discounts can be detrimental in case of luxury brands. A higher(prenominal) price implies a higher level of quality and alike suggests a certain period of prestige. Similarly, diffusion should be restricted. Status-sensitive consumers may annihilate a particular product if the feeling of exclusivity goes away. Managing luxury brands is as much an art as a science. The challenge is to require a demand for something which is not unfeignedly needed. After all, it looks crazy to spend Rs 50,000 on a handbag or Rs1,27,000 on a briefcase. Creativity plays a tombstone role in creating such a premium image.Many luxury brands achieve legitimacy and fashion authority as a result of the creative endowment of their design teams who respect the brand inheritance and yet infinitely reinvent it. grocery SIZE AND INDUSTRY GROWTH regularize With the European and American markets r all (prenominal)ing a saturation point, leading players are now concentrating on the BRIC countries and the action is anticipate to shift to India, being the fastest growing luxury market, growing at 25%. , and is expected to maintain these rates for the next 10 years. The Indian Luxury Market is estimated to be to be USD 4. 35 billion and this forms only 2% of the global share.The growth of luxury markets is on the basis of gross domestic product per-capita growth and the High Networth Individuals (HNIs) in a country. India will be the routine largest economy by 2040. Factors like Consumer Attitudes, Real Estate, Regulatory environs and Ecosystem are important for the growth of luxury market and these are improving in the country. India has 83,000 millionaires and every year 16,000 more are getting added to this. The main trigger bottom of the inning Indians indulging in luxury is to swank status, and the consumers here are beclimax aware of leading global brands in the space, but tend to be extremely value conscious.There is a sizeable community engaging in out resile motivate and getting exposure to global luxury market. The Indian consumer wants not just to be pampered, but entertained, excited and Inspired by Luxury brands and hence global players will have to look at advanced methods of reaching and engaging customers to succeed in the Indian market. With India emerging as one of the important players in the Luxury Space, the loaded and famous across the globe are interested in exploring Indian Luxury products. Also, because of the availability of high expendable income Indians have developed an appetite to live a lavish lifestyle.India is being looked upon by the absolute world as an emerging market and a potential Global hub. Hence, considering the potential of the Country galore(postnominal) macroscopical brands from across the Globe either have set up their base here or are planning to do the same. gross domestic product CONTRIBUTION The G ross Domestic reaping or gross domestic product is the indicator of the performance of an economy. According to the estimates of 2008, Indias gross domestic product is $1. 209 zillion and this is slated to make improvement in the coming times. It is estimated that Indias GDP will grow by 6. 5% in the year 2009.In 2008 the countrys GDP was 9% the slowdown that has been witnessed this year in the estimates is largely payable to the slowdown witnessed by the agriculture and the industrial domain of a functions. A look at the India GDP composition sector wise throws up some evoke figures. The agriculture sector contributed 17. 2% effort contributed 29. 1% while the service sector had a contribution of 52. 7% according to 2008 estimates. FDI LIMITS AN INTERESTING FACT What is the size of US Luxury Market? A) A third of Indias GDP B) Half of Indias GDP C) Equal to Indias GDP D) More than double Indias GDP ANS D) More than double Indias GDP.While India will certainly not match the U S, Japan or chinaware in terms of its domestic market size for luxury goods and services for decades to come, its influence on global luxury business will steadily increase in the coming years. The reasons are many and more often than not historical. Unlike Japan or mainland China, India has a history and a tradition of luxury for millennia. It has an influence on textiles and handwork on them, on gems and their setting in jewellery, in food (including ingredients and spices), on natural scratch up and body care, on fragrances and cosmetics, and even furniture, furnishings, and objects dart.For centuries, Indias nobility and the wealthy have been used to commission and patron all told kit and caboodle of luxury and extraordinary human skill. LUXURY MARKET SECTORS SECTORS KEY PLAYERS MARKET share % Jewellery 27 Clothing 16 Digital Accessories 13 Time Wear 8 Cosmetics & Skin Care 8 Foot Ware 6 wine-coloured & Liquor 6 Accessories 6 Fragrances 4 Crystal Wear 2 Others 4 The Key Player Analysis The following table summarizes the marketing mix adopt by the 4 leading luxury brands.In order to arrive at successful strategies to market luxury in India, it is pertinent to look at the marketing strategies instituted by the populateing luxury players in India. harvest-tide hurt Place forward motion Valentino offers a limited smorgasbord due to the nascent demand of gowns in India. This is attributed to Indian womens preference of sarees over gowns. Because of this trend, Valentino has launched saree inspired gowns in their up-to-the-minute collection. Valentino has also included a few sarees (worn by Elizabeth Hurley) in its trademark red in their collection. Valentino claims to charge prices same as their western counterparts. Opened its first stemma in August 06 at Delhis Shangri La hotel. it is before long looking for space to scatter a standalone store each in bangalore, Mumbai & surprisingly, Ludhiana. Has no plans of rise a store in a luxury mall due to a fear of dilution of identity. The brand owns numerous stores in China. The brand has particular promotional presence. In the west it relies on red carpet events & fashion shows to drive its gowns. However due to lack of such events in India, it uses curt affect advertizings from abroad in India.They predominantly feature Hollywood actresses & models. Product Price Place promotion The brand offers a smaller assortment of their products in west in India. This is attributed to the ethnical difference & the differences fashion trends. The brand claims to price their products equitably in India when compared to their western counterparts. However, it does restrain to the greater taxes. Launched trading operations in India in 2005. has only one dress shop in India as opposed to 8 boutiques in China. The brands only boutique in India is set at The empurpled Hotel in Delhi. Has no.promotional campaigns targeted entirely at Indian market. Nicole Kidman, t he brands leading endorser, latterly shot an advertisement with Indian model/actor Arjun Rampal in Rajasthan. However, the advertisement will not be aired in India as Chanel only promotes in print media in India. Came into headlines for back up actress Sonam Kapoor for a film premier. Product Price Place Promotion make headlines with their intention to design sarees. However, the brand has shown no signs of actually producing them. Offers limited amount of money of their product religious offerings due to limited demand in Indian market.However, is planning to have kittens their offering in approaching. The brand admits to charging a higher price due to the tax body structure & high infrastructure be. Launched operations in India in 2007 with boutiques in Mumbai and Delhi. Murjani classify is the operate franchisee of this brand in India. The brands store in Delhi is located at The Oberois Hotel. the brand has acceptedly shelved the plans of opening four more stores inc luding one in the Emporio Mall. The brand owns close to 27 stores in almost all leading cities of China. The brand relies heavily on print advertisements.However, it descent its recent decision of promotions through with(predicate) publisher advertisements as it harmed the brands exclusive & luxe image. Has no specific advertisements & promotional material for Indian customers. Product Price Place Promotion Armani offers all of their latest collection in their Indian stores. The brand recently made headlines in Indian newspapers for including Sherwanis in the 2009 fall-winter collection. The sherwanis are now sell globally in all their stores. The brand has registered a tremendous growth by selling higher up 200 items a month and registering a growth of above 50 percent annually. Armani claims to price their products same as abroad & refuses to comment further. Armani has recently entered the Indian market with a articulatio venture with DLF. The store currently operates thr ough two exclusive stores in Delhis first Luxury Mall DLF Emporio. The is currently in plans of opening four more standalone stores in Delhi and Mumbai. It owns 15 stores in China. Armani, different in west, only relies on print media (in magazines) to promote their products. The brand features its foreign promotional material in India as well.However, in its latest ad campaign, it featured a model of Indian descent (Vasuki) exact ANALYSIS OF THE MACRO-ENVIRONMENT Political Trends One imperative factor for any federation come in India is the political stability of the nation as well as democratic style of leadership. Government apart from obligations has taken a neutral stance towards the luxury stalwarts, FDI and tariffs as only concern which will be strengths in coming future. The implementation of the relieve Trade Area, which laid out a comprehensive program of arenaal tariff reduction, will be continuously implemented in phases through the year 2010.oer the course of the next several years, the programs in tariff reductions will be made broader. Efforts to eliminate non-tariff barriers and develop common product certification standards were initiated. In addition, ASEAN also was able to formulate framework agreements for the intra-regional liberalization of trade in services. Economic Trends Despite the unfortunate sparing trends in the last year, the luxury goods diligence as a whole experienced relatively robust economic growth.Many countries have also seen the risk-w eightered superior adequacy ratios of their entrusting systems improve due to government-sponsored bank recapitalization programs, continued progress in pecuniary restructuring, and improvements in financial risk management. boilersuit Indian economic trend is a silver lining for companies as India is more and more becoming the hotbed for millionaires and billionaires the new found riches is growing and will continue to be so, hence economic trend which was a challenge wi ll grow as a big receipts. Social / heathen Trends.There have also been social and cultural trends that have been evident over the last few years in the luxury goods sedulousness. These include (a) The irreversible rise of accomplished society (b) The rise of civil society and urbanization blends perfectly with dreams that luxury brands sell (c) The increase in the roles of intellectuals and social awareness. (d) Indians are a peculiar breed, victims of centuries-old socio-economic oppression. Where each of us is pinned on the social intercellular substance is revealed by our last name or even a stray change shape in accent.Money or the display of it can rarely manage to untune the hierarchy. Awareness or rather subtle awareness is something which luxury marketers are dexterous about and aiming at. With more and more urbanisation and globalisation the need to be in parity with the world will raise the demands for more upmarket and more luxurious lifestyle. Technological Tre nds It is a common familiarity that the luxury goods labor is still a relatively new effort in the country and is still in its primeval stages of development.Technology being a important factor still comes as second at times in divers(a) luxury categories, though make no mistakes that that second is still way above what a mid level brand can aim at. India being hub of technical development still does not provide luxury brands enough lucrative options as tech advancement are not synchronised and homogeneous, hence it is a no-count spot but might be a very significant area in future. Legal Trends.Intellectual holding (IP) and IP Rights (IPR) creation, commercialization, and justification have been a significant source of comparative advantage of enterprises and economies and a major driver of their emulous strategies. Indeed, countries all over the world are fully aware of the pressing need for a long-term policy inscription to collectively transform the luxury goods industr y into one which is largely make on knowledge, driven by innovation and continue by life-long learning.Countries all over the world have pledged to work together to help accelerate the pace and backdrop of IP asset creation, commercialization and protection to improve the regional framework of policies and institutions relating to IP and IPRs, including the development and harmonization of enabling IPR registration systems to promote IP cooperation and dialogues within the region as well with the regions Dialogue Partners and organizations to strengthen IP-related human and institutional capabilities, including fostering greater public awareness of issues and implications, relating to IP and IPRs.INDIA and IPR are a big problem, just not having the stringent and encompass laws is not the only issue, and problem also arises due to swooning enforcement of laws. Cheap unreal and intellectual property infringement is a common occurrence in the nation. Luxury Goods Industry SWOT Analysis Strengths Has products that pageant of a very powerful retail. This includes a reputation for value of money, convenience and a wide variety of products Has grown importantly over the years, and has experienced global expansion. important competence lies on the use of information technology (IT) to fully support its international logistics system.Therefore, companies in this industry can see how their individual products perform within the joined States for instance, or even at stores at a glance. Is able to deliver good customer care, as the limited amount of work would mean plenty of time to devote to customers. Products have run agrounded a strong reputation within the market. Offers trivial deficits and overheads. Therefore the companies in this industry can offer good value to customers on a consistent basis. Weaknesses Is one of the worlds largest industries but has a weak control of its empire, despite its IT advantages.This could lead to a decrease in productivi ty in some areas where it has the least control. Since companies in this industry sell products across many sectors, they may lack the flexibility that some of its more focused competitors possess. Operates globally, but its presence is located in only relatively few countries worldwide. Some luxury goods lack market presence or reputation The companys cash flow is unreliable especially in the early stages of a new luxury product development. Over flooding doesnt leave a luxury brand a real luxury brand. OpportunitiesTaking over, merging, or forming strategical alliances with other luxury good companies while focusing on strong markets like Europe or the Greater China Region and India. Luxury good companies operate only on trade in a relatively small number of countries all over the world. Thus, this would open the opportunities for future businesses in expanding mingled consumer markets, such as those in China and India. The opening of new locations and branches offer luxury goo d companies the opportunities to do work market development. This could lead to the diversification of the companys branches from large super centres to local-based sites.Opportunities exist for luxury good companies to continue with their current strategy of establishing large branches worldwide. The industry is continuously expanding, with plenty of future opportunities to exploit for success. AS FOR INDIA IT IS THE INDUSTRY OF FUTURE maybe 10 more years. threats be number one means that the luxury goods industry is the target of competition, the industry to beat, both locally and globally. Being a global retailer means that luxury goods companies might be candid to political problems in the countries where the company has operations.The mathematical product costs of most luxury products have the tendency to fall because of lower manufacturing costs. Manufacturing costs fall because of outsourcing to low-cost regions around the globe. This phenomenon could lead to competition in prices, which in bring would result in the deflation of prices in various ranges. Intense price competition must definitely be considered a threat. Indian mentality of the masses. REPUTATION, if it goes down company goes down. exposit Analysis of the Industry Environment The discernment of the industry attractiveness is performed using the ushers Five Forces Model.A. Threat of radical Entrants New entrants in the luxury goods industry will have to deal with high costs of entry for their latest technologies. most major competitors in this industry have yet to establish strong distribution channels. This will severely hamper their plans to penalize with their technological developments as without distribution channels, their products would never be seriously considered in the market by customers. These companies must worry though about certain government laws in some countries that might weaken their competitive position (2002). B. Bargaining Power of Suppliers.Suppliers of luxury goods have relatively lower negociate power because their products have yet to establish consistency in the market. This is in stubborn to ordinary brands where these products have been able to ascertain the confidence of its customers worldwide. C. Bargaining Power of Buyers A majority of consumers in the luxury goods industry are professionals who rely on diligent and expensive gadgets and expect seamless services every time they use them. For instance, a customer phones in a service request from the New York airport while boarding a plane bound to Paris the same day.The technical people in New York will presently work on the service tag end of the client. And when that client arrives in Paris, he / she would be able to call the New York service centre and pick up just now where he / she left off (1999). The dicker power of buyers in the luxury goods industry is relatively high because there are only few, large players in the industry. D. Threat of Substitutes There are very little threats that could emerge from possible substitutes. This is because product-for-product substitution could not possibly happen especially with luxury goods.Other products cannot simply replace the ingeniousness of the established luxury products in the market. Also, the millions of users of these luxury products surely would find it too self-conscious using other products other than their luxury products CASE STUDY THE MURJANI GROUP OVERVIEW Murjani meeting develops, launches, and builds various designer lifestyle brands. It operates in the United States, India, and internationally. Murjani Group was founded in 1930 and is based in New York, New York. They spouse with international luxury brands and retail them in India. KEY EXECUTIVES Managing Director Mr. Vijay Murjani.Chief run Officer Mr. Pradeep Mansukhani Business Head of french Connection Mr. Dhiresh Sharma Marketing Head of Luxury Division Mr. Vikram Raizada Business Head of Gucci Ms. Ananda Kara tour 1930 Mr B. K. Murjani found the group in Shanghai, mainland China with its first retail store 1950 After the world war Murjani commenced operations in Hong kong with a trading company. 1952 Murjani sets up Hong Kongs first garment manufacturing factory. 1958 With 6 years, Murjani grew to one of the largest apparel producers in the world, with a production capacity in overindulgence of 10 million units per annum.1966 The current Chairman, Mohan Murjani, joins the group. 1966 The Group commenced its transition from manufacturing to designer lifestyle brand development and marketing, by launching its first brand in the USA, Marco Polo 1976 Murjani launches the First originator jean 1980 Murjani sponsors the US Open 1985 Murjani launched Tommy Hilfiger,in 1985. here again Murjani group re-enforced their panache with ground breaking and ingenious marketing, to ensure that Tommy Hilfiger, would almost immediately, positioned amongst the top designers in the world.The innovative brand marketing and management techniques adopted by Murjani Group over the years, have changed the very paradigm of marketing, merchandising and retailing, as we know it today. 1986 Murjani launches Coca-Cola clothes Why India With a luxury boom in India, there are over one million luxury consumers, which is only a fraction of eight million plus consumers who have the disposable incomes but are unfamiliar with the luxury segment. The growth rate is 14. 6 per cent. rank audience is 22-55 year olds.Indias luxury goods market of Rs 717 billion is set to expand with a new firm to avail process by bringing together buyers and manufacturers. Indias total retail market has been estimated at $160 billion or Rs 7,170 billion, covering eight million consumers. Of them, one million are considered to be in the luxury brands segment 2000 NAMASTE INDIA The Murjani Group for many years, was very keen to establish a presence in the Indian market, but had to wait for the right time. In 2000 with the fast growth in the consuming class, Murjani was amongs.