Bone Diseases :: essays research papers fc

Bone sicknesses most legitimately impact the capacity to walk or to move any piece of the body- - hands, appendages, neck, and spine. They are identified with joint issue - ARTHRITIS, COLLAGEN DISEASE, DISLOCATION of joints, and RHEUMATISM. The clinical claim to fame relating to bone issue is ORTHOPEDICS. Cracks are the most regular bone issue. They can happen as the consequence of a mishap or be auxiliary to metabolic illnesses. Breaks are dangerous to matured individuals having the metabolic bone illness OSTEOPOROSIS, in which bones become permeable and fragile. An individual, for the most part ladies, having osteoporosis may cushion a hip throughout a fall also, incredible confusions. Birth Defects Inborn bone sicknesses comprise a wide range, going from the immaterial - for occurrence, gentle bandylegs - to extreme injuries, for example, spina bifida, in which the lower end of the spine neglects to grow appropriately and the child is brought into the world with loss of motion and distorted vertebrae. Inborn infections may have hormonal bases: for instance, stringy DYSPLASIA, in which sinewy tissue replaces that of certain bones, frequently brings about bone deformation; likewise, a few young ladies with this infection genuinely develop so early that they are prepared to do pregnancy and labor at seven years old. Inborn imperfections likewise may have hereditary bases, as in families who have additional fingers or toes or in the infection osteogenesis imperfecta, in which kids have such weak bones that many are cracked. Scatters of development and advancement incorporate a few sorts of dwarfism and gigantism. Bones or appendages may create deformation as the aftereffect of referred to causes, for example, the contamination poliomyelitis, or obscure or variable causes, such as ebb and flow of the spine (SCOLIOSIS) or CLUBFOOT. Diseases Infections of bone, called osteomyelitis, are typically brought about by discharge creating microbes, particularly Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Before the improvement of anti-toxins, youngsters habitually gotten this sickness. Today bone diseases are presented basically through breaks and during careful activities. Individuals contaminated with syphilis, tuberculosis, infection, or yaws are vulnerable to bone harm. Metabolic Disorders Metabolic anomalies regularly include surrenders in the capacity of minerals, especially calcium and phosphate particles, in the skeleton. Sicknesses of the kidney can cause a metabolic unevenness of phosphate and calcium with the goal that debilitating of the bone happens. Other metabolic bone sicknesses are osteoporosis, gout, OSTEOARTHRITIS, and PAGET'S Sickness. Nourishing Disorders Nutritional insufficiencies that bring about bone harm incorporate RICKETS in kids and osteomalacia in grown-ups, brought about by an absence of nutrient D. In kids, calcium furthermore, phosphate are inadequately disseminated on bones during improvement, coming about particularly in disfigurement of the legs and arms. In grown-ups, bones of the spine, pelvis, and legs become demineralized furthermore, the bones debilitate. SCURVY- - brought about by a absence of nutrient C- - additionally influences bone tissues. A concentrate in the late 1980s demonstrated that the mineral boron is healthfully significant, also. Evidently, it decreases loss of the bone minerals

The problem of knowledge Essay Example For Students

The issue of information Essay There is a physical sound present, yet there is no solid experience. It is sensible to feel that things happen regardless of whether there is no one to see/hear/taste them since changes can be watched (If you leave a consuming paper and come later, it will be singed) The tables in the study hall Do tables move when no one is near? It is implausible for something like this to exist, along these lines it is viewed as bogus, since it is difficult to demonstrate. Hypotheses of reality Common-sense authenticity the world is the manner in which we see it (What you see it what is there) Scientific authenticity The world exists autonomously yet is not the same as what we see it as (Atoms in the void) Phenomenalism We can just comprehend what we see (to be is to be seen Most speculations propose the presence of a freely existing reality (Things happen likewise without individuals). We will compose a custom article on The issue of information explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Reason Using reason we gain information that is past the prompt proof of our faculties. Logic school of theory as indicated by which reason is the most significant wellspring of information much more than experience Premises The presumptions in rationale, ends follow from them Fallacies invalid examples of thinking Deductive thinking I Moving from the general to the specific. Arguments A sort of contention that incorporates: Two premises and an end Three terms, each happening twice Quantifiers (all, a few, no) Truth = a property of explanations Validity = a property of contentions A contention is legitimate if the end follows sensibly from the premises and invalid when it doesnt. Certainty is free on legitimacy. The structure of contentions Validity of a logic doesnt rely upon the words utilized yet on the structure. It is conceivable to substitute the components for whatever else and the legitimacy wont change. (A - B is equivalent to seeds-plants when discussing legitimacy). A paradox called brief inclination depends on focusing not on the structure however the words themselves which may prompt bogus ends. Venn charts are a valuable apparatus when choosing whether a logic is substantial. In any case, Venn outlines contain additional data which ought NOT be considered as given in any case. Deductive thinking jelly truth in the event that the premises are both valid, at that point the end must be valid. Enthymeme = a fragmented contention (e. g. Jenny goes to Oxford so she should be clever) All deductive thinking depends on inductive thinking experience Inductive thinking I Moving from the specific to the general depends on understanding and perception which permits to reach determinations Deduction and acceptance contrasted Deduction Reasoning from general with specific All metals extend when warmed A will be a metal - A grows when warmed More certain, less data than Induction How solid is inductive thinking? Now and again we make hurried speculations. Some of the time, even very much upheld enlistments are refuted. Affirmation predisposition individuals just observe things supporting their speculations and disregard special cases. Great speculations 1) Number need to take a gander at countless guides to have the option to make a speculation 2) Variety assortment of conditions various sorts 3) Exceptions effectively take a gander at counter-models 4) Coherence more proof for far-fetched things 5) Subject zone a few territories are more sure than others (mathsbiology) Informal Reasoning The ten fatal false notions: Advertisement ignorantiam Hasty speculation Post hoc thus propter hoc Ad hominem Circular thinking Special arguing Equivocation False relationship Claiming something is genuine on the grounds that it can't be refuted Generalizing from deficient proof Confusing a relationship with a causal association Attacking/supporting the individual instead of the contention. .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .postImageUrl , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:hover , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:visited , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:active { border:0!important; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:active , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0 3b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Snow Goose Overpopulation EssayAssuming reality of what you should demonstrate Using twofold principles to pardon an individual or a gathering Using language equivocally Assuming that since two things are indistinguishable in certain perspectives, they are similar in others Assuming that lone two highly contrasting options exist An inquiry that is one-sided on the grounds that it contains an implicit presumption Post hoc thus propter hoc The way that two things trail each other doesnt fundamentally imply that one is the reason for the other. (e. g. Day isn't the reason for night) Ad hominem deception (against the man ) Not contending assaulting/supporting the individual. (e. g. What do YOU think about it? Youre only a kid! /Obama says it so it must be correct) Circular thinking (endless loop/making one wonder) Arguing with what should be demonstrated. (e. g. God must exist in light of the fact that directed composed the holy book) Special arguing Exceptions for specific individuals (e. g. lawmaker resistance) Equivocation Word utilized in two unique courses in a contention (A burger is better than nothing and nothing is better than acceptable wellbeing = cheeseburger is superior to acceptable wellbeing) Argument promotion ignorantiam Saying something is valid on the premise thet it can't be refuted. God exists. Do you have any verification that he does? Do you have any evidence that he doesn't? So he should. Bogus relationship Using analogies that are not intelligently right just a logical gadget (e. g. contrasting precipitation with human issues) False difficulty Only putting something as highly contrasting proposing parallel intuition when there are different alternatives too (e. g. You either climb that tree or you will NEVER vanquish your dread! ) Loaded inquiries Questions that contain recommendations and can't be replied in a yes/no way while not telling anything. (e. g. Do you generally undermine your tests? ) Reasons for awful thinking The fundamental reasons are obliviousness, apathy, pride and partiality. We abuse explanatory abilities so as to convince individuals some of the time we even contend about things which we know aren't right instead of reaching the right resolution. Reason and assurance Laws of thought: The law of character If A then A. The law of non-logical inconsistency If A will be A then it isn't non-A The law of the rejected center Everything is either An or non-A. Nothing is both. Could deductive thinking be questioned? Reason involves confidence Some things are uncertain and incapable to be arranged appropriately (day/night) Everything is continually evolving? Could inductive thinking be questioned? Acceptance is difficult to apply for all as opposed to all watched Prison of consistency When you take a situation on something, it is hard to transform it without losing face or to take a gander at it from an alternate point of view. (It is elusive blunders in my own test) .

Overcome Negative Thinking When You Have SAD

Overcome Negative Thinking When You Have SAD Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Overcome Negative Thinking When You Have SAD By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on March 21, 2018 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Social anxiety grows with negative thoughts. Peopleimages / Getty Images Do you recognize any of the following types of negative thoughts? Mind Reading: I just know this person doesnt like me; she thinks what I am saying is boring. Overgeneralization: I panicked the last time I gave a speech; I know its going to happen again. Magnification: Im sure the bank teller saw my hands shaking; she must think there is something wrong with me. There are many other potential negative thoughts that people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) might have. Irrational thoughts contribute to feelings of panic in social and performance situations because they start a cycle of catastrophic thinking. In order to overcome your symptoms, it is helpful to learn how to deal with your negative thoughts. One way to do this is through a process known as cognitive restructuring, which is used during cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). There are three essential steps involved in cognitive restructuring. Step 1: Identify and become aware of your negative thoughts. Step 2: Determine the accuracy of your negative thoughts. Step 3: Replace your negative thoughts with more helpful ones. Below is a brief description of how you would go about putting each of these steps into practice in order to modify your negative thought patterns. Step 1: Identify Negative Thoughts At first, it might be hard to identify your negative thoughts. Sometimes they happen so quickly and automatically that you barely even notice them on a conscious level. In order to really start paying attention, keep a notepad with you during the day and jot quick notes down about thoughts that you had in a situation that caused you to panic. Over time, it will become easier to notice and pick up on the automatic negative thoughts that you have through the day. Step 2: How Accurate Are Your Thoughts? At a time when you are not anxious and you are in a relaxed situation, take the time to ask yourself, Exactly how accurate are my thoughts? For example, is it possible that the person you were talking to was tired instead of bored? If the bank teller did notice your hands shaking, would she really think badly of you? It can be hard to battle with your thoughts and see that they are not always accurate because of how the situation feels to you. If you are having real difficulty with this exercise, imagine that the roles were reversed. If someone you knew was nervous giving a speech, would you think badly of her or that something was wrong with her? Most likely, you would feel sympathetic. Try giving yourself the same level of acceptance that you give to others. Step 3: Replace Negative Thoughts The last step is to gradually replace your negative thoughts with more helpful and positive ways of reacting to your anxious feelings. At first, this process will feel difficult and unnatural. It is something that you will need to practice daily for it to become a new automatic habit. Some examples of more positive and helpful thoughts than the above ones might be, This person I am talking to must just be tired; Just because I had trouble the last time I gave a speech doesnt mean it will happen again; and The teller probably didnt notice or care if my hands shake, she has too much else on her mind. Although it is a process that takes a lot of effort, learning how to replace your automatic negative thoughts with more positive and helpful ones will help to reduce feelings of hopelessness and increase your self-esteem. You should start to gradually notice that the positive thoughts become easier and the negative ones require more effort. Over time, the frequency of your negative thoughts will decline and so should your symptoms of social anxiety.

The Bre-X Gold Scandal, History and Resources

Start with the biggest deposit of gold ever reported, in the headwaters of the Busang River in the steaming jungle of Borneo. The Canadian company Bre-X Minerals Ltd. didnt know about that when it bought rights to the site in 1993. But after Bre-X hired a high-living geologist to map the ore body, the deposit, along with the fever dreams that accompany gold, grew to monster size—by March 1997 that geologist was talking about a 200-million-ounce resource. You do the math at, say US$500 per ounce in mid-1990s dollars. Bre-X prepared for big times ahead by building a gold-plated website, where you could generate your own Bre-X stock chart to follow its meteoric rise. It also had a chart showing the equally meteoric rise of the estimated gold resource: together, those two pages could infect anyone with gold fever. The Sharks Arrive Bigger mineral companies took notice. Some made takeover offers. So did the Indonesian government, in the person of president Suharto and his powerful family. Bre-X owned more of this lode than seemed prudent for such a small, inexperienced foreign firm. Suharto suggested that Bre-X share its fortunate surplus with the people of Indonesia and with Barrick, a firm tied to Suhartos ambitious daughter Siti Rukmana. (Barricks advisors, among them George H. W. Bush and ex-prime minister of Canada Brian Mulroney, also favored this scheme.) Bre-X responded by enlisting Suhartos son Sigit Hardjojudanto on its side. An impasse loomed. To end the contretemps, family friend Mohamad Bob Hasan stepped in to offer all sides a deal. The American firm Freeport-McMoRan Copper Gold, led by another old Suharto friend, would run the mine and Indonesian interests would share the wealth. Bre-X would keep 45 percent of the ownership and Hasan for his pains would accept a share possibly worth a billion or so. Asked what he was paying for this stake, Hasan said, There is no payment, no nothing. It is a very clean deal. Trouble Arises The deal was announced on 17 February 1997. Freeport went to Borneo to start its own due-diligence drilling. Suharto was ready to sign a contract after this step, locking in Bre-Xs land rights for 30 years and starting the flood of gold. But just four weeks later, Bre-Xs geologist at Busang, Michael de Guzman, exited his helicopter that was 250 meters in the air at the time—an evident suicide. On March 26 Freeport reported that its due-diligence cores, drilled only a meter and a half from Bre-Xs, showed insignificant amounts of gold. The next day Bre-X stock lost almost all of its value. Freeport brought more rock samples to its American headquarters under armed guard. Bre-X commissioned a review of Freeports drilling; the review recommended more drilling. Another review focusing on the chemical assays caused Bre-X to clam up completely on 1 April, and Suhartos signature was postponed. Bre-X, in a novel strategy for the time, blamed the Web. CEO David Walsh told a fawning Calgary Herald reporter that the meltdown began when scurrilous local rumors in Indonesia were picked up by one of the ghostwriters on the Internet on the chat page or whatever. Further reviews took the rest of April. Meanwhile, disquieting details began to arise. Industry journalists soon found evidence that the Busang ore samples had been salted with gold dust. Salting of the Earth On Friday 11 April, Northern Miner magazine put a news flash on its site laying out three lines of evidence that Bre-X had been duped. First, contrary to company statements, the Busang core samples had been prepared for assay in the jungle, not in the testing lab. A videotape made by a visitor to the field site showed the humble machines common in assay labs—hammer mills, crushers, and sample splitters. Well-labeled sample bags clearly had finely crushed ore in them. Security was lax enough that samples could easily have been spiked with gold.Second, the local inhabitants had begun panning for gold in the Busang River, but in two years they never found any. Yet Bre-X claimed that gold was visible, a sign of unusually rich ore. And de Guzmans technical report, confusingly, called the gold submicroscopic, which is typical of hard-rock gold ore.Third, the assayer that tested the samples said the gold was predominantly in visible-sized grains. Also, the grains showed signs consistent with being typical river-panned gold dust, such as rounded outlines and rims depleted in silver. The assayer dodged the 64-billion- dollar question, saying that there were indeed ways for hard-rock gold grains to acquire rounded edges—but that argument was a fig leaf. The Curtain Falls Meanwhile, a storm of securities lawsuits arose around Bre-X, which vigorously protested that this was just an unfortunate series of misunderstandings. But it was too late. The collapse of Bre-X cast a cloud over the gold mining industry that lasted into the next century. David Walsh decamped to the Bahamas, where he died of an aneurysm in 1998. Bre-Xs chief geologist, John Felderhof, eventually went on trial in Canada but was acquitted of securities fraud in July 2007. Apparently in selling part of his stock holdings for $84 million in the months before the scandal hit he had not been criminal, just too stupid to catch the fraud. And I have been told that Michael de Guzman has been seen in Canada, years after the scandal. The explanation would be that, as was rumored at the time, an anonymous corpse was thrown from the helicopter. You could say the very jungle had been salted as well as the ore bags.

Best Quotes to Pair With Vintage Photos on Social Media

Sharing old photos of people, places, and events on social media is a good way to reminisce and add nostalgia. If youve decided to share your favorite images on social media during a Throwback Thursday, Flashback Friday, or some other tagged event involving sharing, there are some great ways to make your contribution even more special — and good things to know about sharing photos in general: Share one photo a week or less. Dont overwhelm your friends and followers with too many old photos. Just because you found an album of old photos doesnt mean you should bombard your social media followers. Choose one day a week, such as a Throwback Thursday or a Flashback Friday, and maybe even skip a week between postings.Be certain youre sharing only old photos. Dont make the mistake of incorrectly tagging recent photos with something like #tbt (Throwback Thursday), for instance. Stick with the old  pictures you would find in a photo album or a stack of Polaroids. Vintage pictures are hugely popular, so the older, the better.Make sure you choose the best photos — ones that tell a story. For instance, if you were a baseball player, post a picture of the time when you scored your first home run. Post pictures that were taken with your entire family  on vacation. Share a picture of a younger you doing something you still do today.Choose photos that might make people laugh. Unflattering pictures of yourself from the past always make people smile. The goofier you look, the better. That said, if someone else looks unflattering, you might want to get their permission first. After all, this is supposed to be fun.Add other elements that make the sharing more special, such as a special quote from a famous person. The next time you are sharing vintage images online, try pairing them with some of the following vintage quotes from famous poets, novelists, storytellers, and others — these are sure to give an extra appeal. John Banville The past beats inside me like a second heart. Julian Barnes Memories of childhood were the dreams that stayed with you after you woke. Deb Caletti Summer, after all, is a time when wonderful things can happen to quiet people. For those few months, you’re not required to be who everyone thinks you are, and that cut-grass smell in the air and the chance to dive into the deep end of a pool give you a courage you don’t have the rest of the year. You can be grateful and easy, with no eyes on you, and no past. Summer just opens the door and lets you out. Willa Cather I guess everybody thinks about old times, even the happiest people. Sidonie Gabrielle Colette What a wonderful life I’ve had! I only wish I’d realized it sooner. Walt Disney All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them. Albert Einstein Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile. Ralph Waldo Emerson â€Å"For every minute you are angry, you lose 60 seconds of happiness.† William Faulkner How often have I lain beneath rain on a strange roof, thinking of home. Neil Gaiman I miss the way I took pleasure in small things, even as greater things crumbled. I could not control the world I was in, could not walk away from things or people or moments that hurt, but I took joy in the things that made me happy. Kahlil Gibran Yesterday is but todays memory, and tomorrow is todays dream. Arsene Houssaye Always have old memories, and young hopes. Charlotte Davis Kasl A lifelong blessing for children is to fill them with warm memories of times together. Happy memories become treasures in the heart to pull out on the tough days of adulthood. Elizabeth Lawrence There is a garden in every childhood, an enchanted place where colors are brighter, the air softer, and the morning more fragrant than ever again. Laurie Lee Bees blew like cake-crumbs through the golden air, white butterflies like sugared wafers, and when it wasnt raining, a diamond dust took over which veiled and yet magnified all things. C.S. Lewis Gratitude looks to the Past and love to the Present; fear, avarice, lust, and ambition look ahead. You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream. Cesare Pavese We do not remember days; we remember moments. Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. Stay hungry. Stay foolish. Marcel Proust There are perhaps no days of our childhood we lived so fully as those we spent with a favorite book. Vladimir Nabokov One is always at home in ones past. Eleanor Roosevelt The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. Dr. SunWolf Some things can only be understood when you’re in a tree house. With a pile of warm chocolate chip cookies. And a book. Charles R. Swindoll Each day of our lives we make deposits in the memory banks of our children. Oprah Winfrey The biggest adventure you can take is to live the life of your dreams. Lisa Whelchel Theres something about childhood friends that you just cant replace. The Wonder Years Memory is a way of holding onto the things you love, the things you are, the things you never want to lose. Memory is the diary that we all carry about with us.

The Primary Cause Of the FAilure Free Essays

1. Do you think the primary cause of the failure of the two companies that led to the bailout was a management failure, a worker failure, a shareholder or customer failure, some other reason, or a combination of the above? Why is that the case? General Motors was founded by William â€Å"Billy† Durant on September 16, 1908 and has several brands under names such as Chevrolet, Cadillac, and Buick. Chrysler was founded by Walter Chrysler in 1925 and it also has many brands such as Jeep, Dodge, Ram, and Fiat. We will write a custom essay sample on The Primary Cause Of the FAilure or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are two of the biggest American carmakers in the United States and their demise was hard to comprehend. I think there are many reasons that collectively led to the failure of both GM and Chrysler. One of the causes for the demise of both companies was management failure. Management is supposed to lead by making the right choices for themselves and their customers. Management failed to set up financial policies that would benefit their companies in the long run. The financial meltdown of Wall Street led to a national crisis, which made GM and Chrysler unable to borrow money to keep them afloat. The financial meltdown trickled down to consumers who were not able to get loans either to purchase or lease cars. The financial meltdown and car sales having been at their lowest point in a decade is the reason that GM and Chrysler had to file for bankruptcy. GM and Chrysler’s management also failed to anticipate the rise of energy prices. Gas prices skyrocketed to almost four dollars a gallon and with the fragile state of the economy, it made people very conservative about their driving. The rise of gas prices was almost like a death sentence to Chrysler and GM. They have relied on the sales of sport utility vehicles or SUVs as their main source of income. The sport utility vehicles carry an already high price tag and when you add the gas prices you get vehicles that nobody wants to purchase. People wanted to get rid of their SUVs because they just cost too much money to operate. Customers switched to smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles because it became more of a necessity than a choice. Unfortunately GM and Chrysler were not ready to meet the new demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. The cars that GM and Chrysler had on the market were not as fuel efficient as their foreign counterparts, which made the financial stability for the American carmakers uncertain at best. GM and Chrysler’s management failed to acknowledge competition and innovation. Carmakers like Toyota have for many years tried to stay innovative and ahead of the competition by taking risks and investing in research and development. Toyota developed one of the best selling cars in American history called the â€Å"Prius†, which is a very fuel-efficient car. On the other hand GM and Chrysler are just starting to develop electric and hybrid cars. Unfortunately foreign carmakers have the market cornered because neither GM nor Chrysler succeeded in forecasting the needs and wants of the American People. GM and Chrysler still have a bad reputation for the quality of their cars. Nowadays when people think of reliable, fuel-efficient and quality cars most people think of foreign carmakers. GM and Chrysler are trying to change the perception of the quality of their cars, but when a company takes this long to try to change it is very hard to win back some of their customers. I would personally hesitate to buy a car from either company because of what friends and family have said about the problems they have encountered with their cars. I believe it is the management of both companies’ fault that led to their financial demise. Like any other company in the world, it is the people at the top who have the control, knowledge, and resources to make the tough choices and right decisions. I just do not see how it could be the fault of workers who just follow orders and have no say about the management of the company. It cannot be the fault of the customers because most people would not buy a product of poor quality or from a bankrupt company. One of the largest shareholders for GM at the time was Jerry York. He begged the board of directors to take drastic measures to save the company and they decided to ignore him. Now, they are doing some of the things Jerry York suggested because the federal government is forcing them. According to my research, most people feel that it was the poor management that led the American carmakers to bankruptcy and the need for the federal government to bail them out. Citations Seven reasons GM is headed to bankruptcy http://www. usatoday. com/money/autos/2009-05-31-gm-mistakes-bankruptcy_N. htm After 101 years, why GM failed http://www. bspcn. com/2009/06/01/after-101-years-why-gm-failed/ GM in Crisis—5 Reasons Why America’s Largest Car Company Teeters on the Edge http://www. popularmechanics. com/cars/news/industry/4292379 How to cite The Primary Cause Of the FAilure, Papers

Sap for Atlam free essay sample

The conversation between Zulkifli and Sani, the Project Manager; Gopal, the User Project Manager; Lim, User Representative; and Kamal, the Functional Analyst has come to the several issues to be considered. Most of the issues arise are from Lim such as SAP is more suitable for manufacturing industry not education industry. Other issue is ATLAM is lack of equipment and facilities. According to Lim, the department does not have enough personal computers and if they have they do not have enough space available for the personal computer in their department. Time constraint also one of the issue arise in the conversation. The management had decided to schedule the phases of proposed SAP on 1st of April 2002. They are now on third week of January. The time needed for implementing the new system usually takes number of months to be implemented. Lim also raises the issue of the resistance of staff to change to the new system. When people are more comfortable with some technology, they are likely to oppose changes. The reason of the resistance of staff perhaps because of fear the unknown and the uncertainty accompanying change such as losing their job and failure. The other issue is costs of implementing the SAP system that can be consider as higher than the accounting package, ACCPAC. It consists of the annual license fee, training costs, customization work and hardware. The cost-benefit analysis has been done to ensure that the benefits of implementing SAP will be higher than ACCPAC. Analysis of the issues Zulkifli had decided to perform a feasibility study or business case which is prepared during the systems analysis. There are five important aspects to be considered during a feasibility study that consist of economic feasibility, echnical feasibility, legal feasibility, scheduling feasibility and operational feasibility. Economic feasibility is defined as the dimension of feasibility concerned with whether the benefits of a proposed system will exceed the costs. This is proved by calculating the after-tax cash flow from Year 1 to Year 6. From the calculation, the benefits of the SAP system exceed the costs to implement it. The net savings from Year 1 to Year 5 is increasing and start to decline in the Year 6 because of the increasing in the saving and costs. Technical feasibility concerned on the development of the proposed system given the available technology. The SAP systems can possibly be implemented in ATLAM because of it is PETRA’s group-wide system and it had in-house support from SBS team of PETRA group. On the other hand, legal feasibility determines if there will be any conflicts between the system under consideration and the organisation’s ability to discharge its legal obligations. The implementation of SAP system in the management of ATLAM complies with the regulation sets by the management and it also supported with the PETRA group system. Scheduling feasibility only concerned on time taken to develop and the implementation of the proposed system in time allotted. There are two techniques for scheduling and monitoring systems development activities which are PERT (program evaluation and review techniques) and Gantt chart. In this case study, Gantt chart is used to determine the time taken to implement the SAP system. Gantt chart is a bar chart with project activities listed on the left-hand side and units of time which is days or weeks across the top. From the analysis done, SAP system cannot be implement in time allotted which on 1st April 2002. The SAP system needs approximately 8 months to be implemented in the ATLAM’s system. The last feasibility study is the operational feasibility which defined as feasibility that concerned with whether a proposed system will be used by the people in an organization and how useful the system will be within the operating environment of the organization. At the first of the discussion about the implementation of SAP system, the user representative seems to be unhappy with that implementation. He raises the issues and problems if the management wants to implement the system. All the various feasibility measures are used to narrow the list of the alternatives. This techniques used in the capital budgeting model that consists of net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period. Net present value (NPV) is the estimation of the future cash flows that are discounted back to the present using a discount rate that reflects the time value of money. The initial outlay costs or capital expenditures are deducted from the discounted cash flows to obtain the NPV. The initial outlay of SAP system consists of cost of training, hardware, initial software license and cost of customization work that approximately to RM5 million and its discount rate is 10%. From the analysis, SAP system has the positive and higher NPV of RM3. 2 million that indicates that the system is economically feasible. Internal rate of return (IRR) is the effective rate that results in an NPV of zero. The calculation of IRR is using trial and error method using two different rates to get the net cash flows. In this case, rate of 24% and 28% is used. The IRR of the SAP system is about 26% and it quite high. The payback period is defined as the number of years required for the net savings to equal the initial cost of the investment. It required approximately 4 years to the initial outlay of the implementation of SAP system to be covered with the net savings. As discussed in the scheduling feasibility, Gantt chart is used to determine timely and successful implementation. There are several tasks involved in the implementation of SAP system such as perform feasibility study, organize implementing team, prepare system support procedures, develop conversion plan and testing plan, prepare program specification, revise system documentation and perform programming tasks. The implementing team can be consists of the several person who has capabilities in the specific department such as finance and account department, IT department and user representative. The team should develop the conversion and testing plan of the SAP system. These tasks take about one month to be completed. After programming task is perform, system are test and system support procedures is install and acceptance test is done. The team should conduct the pilot study of the proposed new system. It is to gather the earlier information about the system so that the weaknesses of the system can be corrected. The user manual can be prepared and training program for the staff can be conducted. The last task of the implementation is the conversion of the system. The conversion includes the data backup. When people are more comfortable with something, they are reluctant to change to the new environment. Individual’s views of change as good or bad will usually depend on how they are personally affected by it. The reason why they resist changing is because of the bad experience with prior changes, a lack of top-management support and communication about the changes. These behavioral problems can be overcome with the several ways. The behavioral problems can be overcome by keep communication lines open. Managers and users should be fully informed of system changes as soon as possible. They should be told what and why changes are being made and they should be shown how the new system will benefit them. This open communication helps prevent damaging and inaccurate rumors and misunderstandings. Other than that, organization also can maintain a safe and open atmosphere to ensure that people who are affected by the system development can have an attitude of trust and cooperation. The organisation also should provide assurances that no major job losses or responsibility shifts will occur. It is lessen the intensity of fear or to calm the employees to not worry about the changes. In addition, the top-management must ensure that users understand the system. If the users are confused or do not understand the system, effective use or support to change the system cannot be obtained. It is also the responsibility of the system developers to describe and emphasize new challenges and opportunities that can be performed with the new system. This may provide job satisfaction among the employees and users. Furthermore, the system should be presented to the users in the proper context to capture the interest of the users. The system also should be properly tested prior to implementation to minimize or avoid the initial bad impressions. Conclusion There is an issue about the finance manager who wants to eliminate or terminate the user representative from the project team. The decision to terminate the user representative, Lim is not the right thing for the finance manager, Zulkifli because from Lim’s arguments, it shows that Lim is an individual who has a lot of experience inside him. All of his arguments are supported with the facts and experiences. Moreover, sometimes people need the criticism to improve oneself. It is because others can see one’s weaknesses than the individual himself. As a user representative, he knows what other users needs and wants. The actions of Lim to make arguments are for the best interest of the company and its employees. Zulkifli should see all the inputs from Lim is beneficial to improve the operation of the company. The analysis done on the implementation of SAP system shows that the main issues can be encounter by performing all the feasibility study and cost-benefits analysis. Most of the main issues are the examples of the staff resistance to change that can be overcome by the several ways discussed before.

The Movie I Have Selected For My Film Review Is Field Of Dreams. I Fee

The movie I have selected for my film review is Field of Dreams. I feel that it is a great movie, and is an outstanding form of popular culture. There are many different events that take place throughout this film that show this. Field of Dreams stars Kevin Costner and James Earl Jones. Costner plays a guy named Ray who, one day while working in his corn field, hears a voice. The voice tells him, ?If you build it, he will come.? After he hears the voice a few times he tears down his corn field, and builds a baseball field. Jones plays a retired author named Thomas Mann. Mann hears these voices also, and understands what Ray is going through. Reluctantly Mann goes along with Ray. After awhile old members of the White Sox, who got banned from baseball for life, appear out of the corn field. They now have a chance to play ball again. Mann ends up going back into the corn with the players in the end. This movie is more than just a movie about a sport. It has many other significant meanings. First of all, this film shows loyalty between Ray's wife and him. Most wives would think their husbands were crazy if they told them they heard voices, which were telling them to build a baseball field. It's going to take a ton of money, and also a lot of knowledge on how to go about doing it. It show how she believed in him when no one else would listen. She stuck by her husband like a wife is supposed to do, and gave him support when needed. I believe a lot of Americans liked seeing that type of commitment between two people, especially in a world where it's not as prevalent as it should be. The second point this film shows is how much Ray loves baseball. Baseball has been a major part of American society and culture since the late 1800's. It is known as America's pastime. Throughout the film it is made very evident of the love Ray displays for the great game of baseball. The amount of money he spends to make the field says enough. One scene shows Ray on a tractor as he is plowing a field in preparation for the building of the stadium. His daughter is sitting on his lap. She is asking him all kinds of questions about baseball, and Ray answers all of them in a way that you can tell he loves talking about it. Another scene shows him driving across the country to find help for what he is doing. The sacrifices he makes for the game are incredible. Being a huge baseball fan this movie shows everything that is right about baseball. It shows that it is a game, and should be played for the fun of it. The third point this film makes is it allows the dreams of the players to live on. People having dreams is what makes the world happen. Without having a dream no one goes anywhere. In this film members of the old White Sox team that got banned from baseball are able to get back into the game, and once again live out the dreams and fantasies of playing the game they love. It kind of gives people hope, in a sense, not to give up. Still another point this film makes is in the world of relationships. The film shows the relations between a father and son. Ray finds out that one of the players who comes back to play is his father. He realizes that is what the voice was telling him. His father was the one who would come back if he built the field. While he was growing up he didn't have the greatest relationship with his father. His father died while he was at a rather young age. Ray is aware that it is his father. Ray's father is young so he has no idea he is his son. That didn't matter though. Just to know that his father is back once again is enough for Ray. This is a problem many people in the world face. Lots of fathers and sons don't

ASSIGNMENT EIGHT 2 Example

ASSIGNMENT EIGHT 2 Example ASSIGNMENT EIGHT 2 – Coursework Example According to Thomas Dublin, the changes in the textile mills which included reduction of wages and increase in the pace of work made women to reconsider protest as the only way of saving themselves from oppressions. This is evidenced by their involvement in strike between 1834 and 1836 which quested to protest against wage cuts. Between 1843 and 1848, the women protested against the long working hours in the mills; they campaigned towards ensuring the working hours have been reduced (Richter 11). The North and South varied in diverse ways. For instance, it is evident that the number of middleclass people was greater in the North than in the South. It is also evident that the North majored in industrialization as well as small farming whereas the South was agriculturists who relied entirely on the labor offered by slaves (Lasser and Robertson 343). Additionally, education was highly valued in the North than in the South; majority of the Northerners were literate. These variations wer e among the reasons that made slavery to be highly practiced in the South than in the North. Additionally, these variations enhanced reduction of manual labor (slavery) as well as labor costs in the North. It is also evident that literacy enhanced change of oppressive working conditions in the North. In the South, where slavery was highly practiced, black women worked on not only mines, but also cotton farms as tillers. Unlike black women, white women participated in home chores as housewives (Smith 6). Additionally, it is evident that some white women were barred by their husbands from doing domestic works at the cost of the blacks. Unlike the white women in the South, majority of the white women in the North played a very significant role in the maintenance of the industries. Lasser, Carol and Robertson, Stacey. Antebellum Women: Private, Public, Partisan American Controversies. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. Print.Richter, William. Historical Dictionary of the Old South. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. Print.Smith, Andrea. Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy. Rethinking Women of Color Organization. 22 June 2014.

Annotated working Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated working Bibliography - Essay Example The article (and page) is updated regularly and appears to be peer-reviewed. Dorothy Tuck McFarland is also a regular contributor to the Charters series of scholarly texts. In this article, she addresses nearly every aspect of O’Connor’s short story, including its connection to religious imagery. It is scholarly and peer-reviewed. Ioana Munteanu is a faculty member at the University of Targoviste and possesses an extensive knowledge and understanding of the work of Flannery O’Connor. This article examines numerous aspects of O’Connor’s religious perspective living in protestant Georgia and is well written and contains crucial information. Rosengarten, Richard A. â€Å"The Catholic Sophocles: Violence and Vision in Flannery O’Connor’s ‘Revelation’†. University of Chicago Divinity School, 2003. 14 June 2009. Richard A. Rosengarten is a faculty member of the University of Chicago. He has a vast knowledge of the work of Flannery O’Connor, as in this article he critically examines nearly all of her stories. It is scholarly and peer-reviewed, as is on the university homepage. Ralph C. Wood is a novelist who has written several books on the work of Flannery O’Connor. This book circles around O’Connor and her religious rivals and seeks to show the social and religious relevance of her work. It contains up-to-date information and critical insight. As the intertwining aspects of violence and religion continue to appear across America’s newspapers and our awareness of the world which currently surrounds us, O’Connor’s works tap the underlying issues plaguing many peoples since they were first

The Technology of Gender Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Technology of Gender - Assignment Example Over the passage of time, with greater representation of women in the workforce, gender has become confined to family matters and insensitivity toward gender is found in the social framework. The technology of gender is the term used to refer to those sets of cultural practices which play a role in making a body gendered. This course’s theoretical basis is the conceptualization and articulation of the human body within particular discourses of culture that include but are not limited to religion, law, medicine, and economy. These discourses are based on the deepest cultural ideologies and belief systems and jointly form a framework that dictates particular ways in which men and women should think, behave, and interact with one another and with the environment. Four propositions made in the article when mentioned chronologically in decreasing order of self-evidence include; gender is a representation, this representation is the construction of gender, the process of gender cons truction is as effective today as it was in the past, and the deconstruction of gender affects its construction. In this article, the author has complimented upon the perception of ideology as being without outside. The author suggests that there does exist an outside to ideology, â€Å"a place from where ideology can be seen for what it is – mystification, imaginary relation, wool over one’s eyes; and that place is†¦scientific knowledge† (de Lauretis). I would like to second the author in this because science does provide an explanation for a phenomenon on the basis of objective reasoning and logic. Characterization of the subject of feminism by the movement as ideological representation in and out of the gender is a back and forth movement between gender representation and what is made unrepresentable by the gender.

Communication Is Art And Science English Language Essay

Communication Is Art And Science English Language Essay The definition of science is The systematic study of humans and their environment based on the deductions and inferences which can be made, and the general laws which can be formulated, from reproducible observations and measurements of events and parameters within the universe (Commonwealth, 2010). The definition of semantics is the study or science of meaning in language (Answers, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence from one or more words is applied science. The sentence is reproducible, inferences can be made, and general laws can be formulated. The definition of art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way to affect the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Retyi, 2010). The definition of adjectives is words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence (Capital, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence that affects the senses or emotions is art. The se ntence may encompass a diverse range of activities, creations, and expressions. However, it may not affect similar emotions every time, which makes it irreproducible. ART AND SCIENCE Communication is art and science Communication is requisite for life. It allows sharing of information. It sustains businesses, schools, churches, governments, hospitals, and homes. Communication defines us, our personality, our connections, and our ability to reason. We could not survive without it. We would have limited cognitive processes. There would be no society. There would be no friendships. Marriages and families would be nonexistent and humans would not reproduce. Thus, we would not be. The earliest recorded form of communication was in 3500 BC when the Phoenicians developed an alphabet (New York Times, 2010). Communication slowly progressed through the centuries from hieroglyphics, homing pigeons, human messengers, heliographs, Morse code, books, newspapers, typewriters, telephone, photography, radio, television, recordable media, and computers. Today, communication can be instantly transmitted across the world via the internet or cellular phone. Endless hours of communication can be recorded on digital media. Languages are immediately translated between ethnicities and races via electronic devices. The technical evolution of communication from its earliest form to present day is a result of science. The relationship, feeling, emphasis, and bias of communication are art. The definition of science is The systematic study of humans and their environment based on the deductions and inferences which can be made, and the general laws which can be formulated, from reproducible observations and measurements of events and parameters within the universe (Commonwealth, 2010). The definition of semantics is the study or science of meaning in language (Answers, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence from one or more words ART AND SCIENCE is applied science. The sentence is reproducible, inferences can be made, and general laws can be formulated. The definition of art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way to affect the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Retyi, 2010). The definition of adjective is words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence (Capital, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence that affects the senses or emotions is art. The sentence may encompass a diverse range of activities, creations, and expressions. However, it may not cause similar emotions every time, which makes it irreproducible. If communication were only science, then art would not exist. There would not be a way to describe how an individual feels. If communication were only art, then science would not exist. There would not be a way to describe science because pure scientific writing is void of art. Science and scientific writing is reproducible. It is not formed by deliberating arranging words to cause emotion. There is a way to combine science and art. The University of California at Santa Cruz has the only graduate science writing program in the nation that requires a degree in science and experience in research (UCSC, 2010). The program introduces scientists to mass media journalism. Students learn to practice science writing as a fine artà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [and]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ explore creative and distinctive forms of science writing (USCS, 2010). Graduates work in mass media reporting on stories in science, technology, and medicine. A well known example is National Public Radio. Several writers for NPR are graduates of the program. They have successfully alchemized science and art. ART AND SCIENCE Nonverbal communication is art. Nonverbal communication includes elements of vocal tone, somatic posture, spatial arrangements, clothing, and silence. Meaning can be changed without changing the vocabulary or structure. In addition, it is culturally specific. In the United States, thumbs up are a symbol of support and acceptance but in Iran it is considered vulgar. Also, in the United States, maintaining eye contact is important and a sign of respect but in Zimbabwe it is considered rude (Wu, 2010). The science of communication is found in its vehicle. The most primitive scientific form of mass communication was the use of clay. In 2900 BC, the Sumerians invented cuneiform writing (New York Times, 2010). Wedge-shaped impressions called pictographs were pressed in clay. Merchants used the pictograph clay tokens to document the amount of materials shipped or traded. However, record keeping became difficult because the pictographs would slowly fade from the clay (New York Times, 2010). A more permanent form of mass communication became necessary. Thus, the science of communication began to evolve. The vehicles of papyrus, parchment, and paper were made from the science of botany. Gutenbergs invention of the printing press was made from the science of metallurgy. According to Mark Twain, The whole world admits unhesitatingly; and there can be no doubt about this, that Gutenbergs invention is the incomparably greatest event in the history of the world (Project Gutenberg, 2010). The vehicle of electronic communication is possible because of computer science. The art of nonverbal communication can be conveyed perfectly via electronics. Telephone, radio, television, and computers have made possible mass transmission of the art of nonverbal communication. In addition, they have made conveying the art and science of communication ART AND SCIENCE easier, faster, and less expensive. In contrast, the art of nonverbal communication is difficult to convey in typewritten form. Recently, the science of expressing emotion the art of nonverbal communication in written typewritten form has become popular by the use of emoticons. Emoticons are not vocabulary; they are text-based representations of a writers disposition. For example, the emotion happy is symbolized by writing or typing :-). It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence or idea. Howard Gardner, framer of multiple intelligences theory, sheds light on the art and science of communication. He reveals similarities between the art and science of communication and philosophy. Gardner views the invention of cognitive science a wonderful stimulus for philosophy or the art of communication. Furthermore, philosophy is an indispensable handmaiden for empirical scientists (Gardner, 1987). Gardner writes, Philosophy enables us to define fundamental cognitive scientific questions in a coherent way, and assures the proper integration of work in disparate fields, he continues, It is thus fitting that the field of philosophy, whose initial agenda helped to stimulate the rise of cognitive science, has been fueled by that new discipline, even as philosophy can, in turn, help to reform and interpret work spawned by its recent intellectual offspring (Gardner, 1987). The art or science of communication can be dissected and presented on its own. However, it can not exist in realit y 🙂 ART AND SCIENCE

The Sun Also Rises Essay -- essays research papers

The Sun Also Rises   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, Jake Barnes is a lost man who wastes his life on drinking. Towards the beginning of the book Robert Cohn asks Jake, â€Å"Don’t you ever get the feeling that all your life is going by and you’re not taking advantage of it? Do you realize that you’ve lived nearly half the time you have to live already?† Jake weakly answers, â€Å"Yes, every once in a while.† The book focuses on the dissolution of the post-war generation and how they cannot find their place in life. Jake is an example of a person who had the freedom to choose his place but chose poorly. This point of Jake’s life is centered on readjusting himself to normal life after World War I. Jake is lost and doesn’t know what to do. He has a few friends w...

Our socially constructed reality

Think Piece Sociological Significance and Individual Behavior What is the relationship between â€Å"definition of the situation† and â€Å"socially – constructed reality'? Our social construct provides us with basic assumptions of everyday life. These social influences have an affect on our perception of reality and situations. While with a group of people you mainly hang out with the definition of a situation of a situation will be similar, because you all are from the same social group: and have similar social backgrounds.But if you are not with a group that you are not familiar tit it may not be so easy for you all to see the situation the same because your social reality are different. Example: In an urban neighborhood where Tim, and his group of friends hangout during the day and night, they often hear gunshots. So one night Time's cousin Johnny came to visit from his mansion in Texas. While they were outside hanging out gunshots were heard. After hearing the gun shots Tim and his friends continued as if they heard nothing.Sonny's reaction was very different than Tim and his friends in fact he felt very uncomfortable. Because Tim and his group of friends are accustomed to that social structure their interpretation of the situation was different than Johnny, because in his social reality that doesn't and should not happen. This example explains how a persons social reality can change how they interpret the definition of a situation. Why are these important in explaining the social influences on human behavior?These are important in explaining human behavior because our chosen behavior is determined by our social influences and social surroundings (socially – constructed reality) which determine how we react and interpret situations (definition of a situation). Why is it that social influence is very often more useful for predicting – or explaining – the behavior of an individual person than would be there psychological fr ame of mind? Though we take part in the social construct of reality, it's still not entirely a product of our own doing.Our social influences make us who we are and affect how we act and handle situations. Even though we have our own thought we still live our lives through what is socially acceptable. So observing a psychological frame of mind may not be as accurate because we say one thing, but in a social setting we handle it differently. Example: Elevator Video The people on the elevator knew that it was not their norm to turn backwards in the elevator.But they still wanted to conform to what seemed socially normal at the time, so they turned around Just like everyone else in the video. So even though we have our own thoughts and feelings about situations , our social influence and social setting still determine how we behave. If anyone could have asked the independent variables on the elevator if they would turn backwards on an elevator if everyone else was doing it they would h ave more than likely answered no, but because o the social pressure to conform they behaved totally opposite.

Bloodchild Gender Inequality in Society - 1462 Words

Bloodchild by Octavia Butler is seen as a story about the relationship between alien oppressors and a group oppressed humans. It has also been described as a love story between the human narrator and the chief alien. In her afterword, she describes â€Å"Bloodchild† as â€Å"a love story between two very different beings,† â€Å"a coming of age story† and a â€Å"pregnant man story.†(Hardy) However, when one comparing Butler’s â€Å"Bloodchild† to Simone De Beauvoir’s essay â€Å"The second sex†, similarities surrounding the social issues of gender inequality arise. The circumstances of the narrator mirror social issues affecting modern women. Bloodchild by Octavia Butler examines the dynamics of power between the sexes; by switching the gender roles in the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The term masculine and feminine are used symmetrically only as a matter of form, as on legal papers†(De Beauvoir) The only differen ce between men and women is their reproductive organs. Therefore, the laws of the land should be fair and applicable to both sexes. Women are not always treated fairly in the work place, sometime they are seen as inferior and not able to work as hard. â€Å"Women form approximately 75 percent of the world’s part-time workforce and are often employed on short temporary contracts without health benefits, job security, or protection against job-related health problems.†(Darity) The lack of job security health benefits and job safety shows women are not valued as employees. The humans in â€Å"Bloodchild† were only valued because of their ability to reproduce which devalued them as individuals. They also had to make the ultimate sacrifice with their bodies, just as women that don’t have health care and job safety do. The humans are totally dominated by the Talic aliens and they have a slave like relationship. â€Å"Upon reading the story, one can see why sla very might come to mind, for Terrans like Gan must allow the more powerful Tlics to use their bodies, and Terran sacrifice leads to Tlic gain.†(Hardy) Even in modern times women are sold into theShow MoreRelatedOctavia Butler : A Literary Award1275 Words   |  6 PagesOften accompanying her mother to work, Butler witnessed the racial and economic indignities common to the African-American working poor, particularly women. Class, gender and racial inequalities would play a central role in her writing. Butler s most popular short story to date is Bloodchild. The frightening futuristic dilemma in Bloodchild involves humans who have had to escape to another planet for survival. Butler skillfully reverses the troupe of animal captivity and breeding to make humans the

Civil Liberties Freedom Of Speech - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1480 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Freedom of Speech Essay Did you like this example? Civil liberties were created to protect the people from government power. They are liberties that every US citizen has a fundamental right too. The 27 amendments in the Constitution describe what these liberties are, and over the years the Supreme Court has clarified what these liberties really mean. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Liberties: Freedom Of Speech" essay for you Create order As stated in the First Amendment of the Constitution, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. (US Const. Amend. I). Freedom of Speech is one of the most important civil liberties in the US constitution. It has taken many court cases including, Tinker v. Des Moines, Texas v. Johnson, and Bethel School District v. Fraser, to clearly clarify what it means. The right to freedom of speech is a fundamental part of the Constitution because it lets US citizens express their ideas and opinions without interference from government or fear of reprimand. Freedom of speech is a vital liberty that every US citizen has the right to, and it has taken many years for this country to define what it is. The First amendment of the constitution protects this liberty as stated, Congress shall make no lawabridging the freedom of speech (US Const. Amend. I). This fundamental right allows people to freely express their opinions and views, no matter how controversial they may be, and, as a result, it promotes a wiser and more informed community. Although everyone has the right to this liberty, there are some restrictions to this freedom, that over the years congress has created, in order to prevent the harm of others (i.e. how it is illegal to shout fire in a crowded theater).There have been numerous court cases involving people who feel their right to freedom of speech has been violated, i.e. Tinker v Des Moines. These cases are important because they have helped Congress to clearly define the general statement of freedom of speech, and g ive it a more specific meaning. One of the most significant cases for freedom of speech is Tinker v. Des Moines because it defined what students constitutional rights are in school. This case is about John, Christopher, and Mary Beth Tinker, who wore black armbands to their school in Des Moines, Iowa, to peacefully protests the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The Tinkers were suspended after being asked to take the armbands off and refusing because the Des Moines school district banned the wearing of the armbands. The parents of the children decided to sue the school in the district court, claiming their suspension violated their first amendment right to freedom of speech.The district court sided with the school, saying that the rule was needed to prevent the disturbance of school activities(Tinker v. Des Moines.). The parents kept appealing the case until it reached the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled on February 24, 1969, in a vote 7-2, that in public schools, students have their constitutional right of freedom of speech, and unless the speech is evidently causing a substantial disturbance in students learning, it is protected under the constitution. This case was significant in protecting students rights to freely express their opinions in school, peacefully. Tinker v Des Moines forever changed how school districts dealt with protests, and other forms of speech students express. The case gave students, throughout the US, more protection to express their political opinions in school. Another important case is Texas v. Johnson, which showed that even the expression of the most unpopular and controversial opinions and views are protected under the constitution. In Dallas, Texas, during the Republican National Convention, protestors were protesting the policies of the Reagan Administration and they were protesting other corporations in Dallas. During this protest, when the protestors marched to the City Hall, Gregory Lee Johnson set the American Flag on fire. Johnson was charged with the crime of vandalizing venerated objects, which was illegal in the state of Texas. He was sentenced to one year in prison, and he received a $2,000 fine. He appealed his case until it reached the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, they said the state cant convict Johnson because what he did was symbolic speech, which is protected under the First Amendment. His actions didnt harm anyone or disturb the peace. The state petitioned for a writ of certiorari, aka they asked the Supreme Court to review the case, and the Supreme Court decision, on June 21, 1989, was 5-4 for Johnson. The court said that his actions were protected by the First Amendment because it is symbolic speech. Justice William Brennan said If there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment, it is that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable. . . .(Brennan). This case is significant in enforcing the protection of controversial speech under the constitution. Bethel School District v. Fraser is another major case in distinguishing what types of speech are protected under the constitution for children in public school. This case involves Matthew Fraser, who was giving a speech at a school assembly, nominating one of his friends for an elective office in the student government. In his speech he used sexual references to advocate his friend. Fraser was suspended from school for violating the school policy that prohibits the use of obscene language (Decker). Frasers dad filed a suit claiming that his punishment violated Frasers First Amendment rights. The case went through the district court and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, than it was appealed to the supreme court. The supreme court decided on July 7, 1986, with a 7-2 decision, that the school is allowed to regulate vulgar speech. They said his speech did cause a disruption in the learning process. The court said that even though the expression of unpopular views are allowed to be expressed in school, schools can regulate offensive and lewd speech, which is what they say Frasers speech was. Chief Justice Burger stated that the school isnt violating the First Amendment rights of Fraser because his speech doesnt align with the fundamental values of public school education(Burger). This case is important in further clarifying what type of speech children in public school are and are not allowed to express. It shows that children in school do not have as much freedom of speech as adu lts because of these fundamental values of public school education(Burger), which doesnt include the use of vulgar language that disturbs the education process and potentially damages the younger students. The US is the the land of the free, which goes to show why freedom of speech is so significant in our country. It is written in our constitution, Congress shall make no lawabridging the freedom of speech (US Const. Amend. I) and is the central issue of thousands of court cases through US history and today. This right is so important to have for all of the cases where people have been abridged of their right, but than those 10 words in the constitution save them from any punishment they could have wrongfully received. Texas v. Johnson and Tinker v. Des Moines are both prime examples to this. They were both initially accused of a crime for controversial opinions but their constitutional right saved them from any punishment they could have received, and that same situation has occurred for many people. Freedom of speech allows for the minority to express there unpopular opinions without punishment. All these court cases always comes to the question of, does this violate the first amendment right of freedom of speech? But what if that first amendment right wasnt there? If freedom of speech wasnt a fundamental right in the US, this country would be immensely different. First of all, people like the Tinkers and Johnson, could get punished for sharing their unpopular opinions about political topics because they wouldnt have the constitutional right to do so. Also, without this right, news channels and papers wouldnt be sharing information with the country as easily about, worldly news, political event, new laws, etc. because they wouldnt have the freedom to do so. All of this this leads to censorship and a more repressive government. As Justice Louis Brandeis stated, Those who won our independence believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth (Brandeis). Thanks to our constitution, we live in a country, where people can express their opinions and thoughts, as long as its peaceful, freely and without punishment. The constitution gives us grounds to challenge anyone who tries to suppress our speech through authority, as evident through the court cases I discussed.

Ethical Issues and Dilemmas Faced by Coca-Cola - 1461 Words

The Coca-Cola Company struggles with ethical crises Delineate the ethical issues and dilemmas the company faced The Coca-Cola Company has faced many ethical issues in the past. In the year 1999 in the month of June, about 30 children in Belgium became ill following the consumption of the companys products. The company recalled the product, however, the problem continued to escalate. All Coca-Cola products were recalled by the Belgian government and this was soon followed by the officials in Luxembourg and Netherlands. The contamination was traced to a poorly processed batch of carbon dioxide. The situation was ruled out to be a health hazard and was judged to be minor. In Poland, a shipment of Bonaqua, a water product was found to be contaminated with mold and in France, 100 people became sick and this led to banning of all Coca-Cola products. The company was slow to respond in all these scenarios. The company tried to run a marketing campaign to regain confidence in their customers and improve sales. However, the campaign was halted by the Belgian government. In 1999, Coca-Cola was extremely aggressive in the French market. This led to denial of approval of Coca-Colas bid to buy Orangina and the company was also forced to scale back on its acquisition of Cadbury Schweppes. Italy won a lawsuit against Coca-Colas anticompetitive prices which made the company have to set competitive prices. This was another ethical issue. The company was sued in 1999 for racialShow MoreRelatedThe Coca-Coca Company Struggles with Ethical Crises Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pages: â€Å"The Coca-Coca Company Struggles with Ethical Crises† HRM 522-Ethics and Advocacy for HR Professionals Abstract Since the late nineteenth century Coca-Cola has been a successful company. Coco-Cola went to war with its competitor PepsiCo throughout the 1990s as Coca-Cola expanded its market overseas. Its overseas sales increased to the point where over 85 percent of its sales came from outside of the United States (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, 2011). As a consequence, the Coca-Cola brand andRead MoreThe Coca Cola Company Struggles With Ethical Crisis1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Crisis The Coca-Cola Company has struggled with ethical problems since the beginning of the 1990’s. The company has been accused of discrimination, interest of conflicts, and channel stuffing. (O.C Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Linda Ferrell, 2011) The Coca-Cola Company is known as the world’s largest beverage company. The last ten years has been exceptional until the company struggled to meet its financial objectives and encountered a number of ethical crisesRead MoreCoca Cola And Its Social Responsibility1093 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the late 1800s until today, the Coca-Cola’s brand has evolved into a top contender in the beverage industry, which ignited the â€Å"cola wars† with the company’s top competition PepsiCo. with Coca-Cola controlling 45 percent of the global soft drink market; Coca-Cola’s most famous brands include: Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Powerade, Dasani water and Fanta with Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta being four of the top five l eading soft drinks. At the peak of Coca-Cola’s reign, an estimated $1 billionRead MoreCoca Cola Company Struggles With Ethical Issues Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages The coca-cola company struggles with ethical issues Name Institution Coca-cola boasts of being the world’s largest beverage company serving approximately one billion customers daily. The most dominant products distributed by Coca-cola are Coke, Fanta, Sprite and Diet Coke. This strategy is aimed at ensuring that every customer gets satisfied whenever they use a Coca-cola brand. Coca-cola has large distributions across the globe making it the largest distributor in the world. The late Roberto GoizuetaRead MoreCoca-Cola Comany Ethical Crisis2814 Words   |  12 PagesThe Coca-Cola Company is one of the most well known companies in the U.S. and quite possible the world since its origination in the late 1800’s. Coca-Cola’s rapid expansion and innovation have provided ample evidence that the company is here to stay. However, after the death of the companies CEO, Robert Goizueta, the company has faced multiple ethical dilemmas. These problems have had a direct negative impact on Coca-Cola’s financial expansion, corporate cultu re, business relations, as well as theirRead MoreProfile of the Coca-Cola Company and Organizational Behavior3195 Words   |  13 PagesCompany profile for the Profit Organization/ Business Enterprise The Coca Cola Company Coca Cola is one of the leading multinationals in the United States. Since its establishment in 1886, the companys popularity has grown tremendously. Today, the company operates in more than 200 countries and markets more than 280 beverage products. These products include still and sparkling beverages, which includes water, juices and juice drinks, coffee, tea, sports drinks, and energy drinks (Thomas 2004)Read MoreEssay on Corporate Social Responsibility1417 Words   |  6 Pagesinto consideration the impact of the organization activities to the people, the environment and their profits. Businesses have to act ethically to gain positive public image. The Coca-Cola is an incorporated company which manufactures, markets, and retails, beverages. It was incorporated in the year 1892 after the Coca Cola formula and brand was bought in 1889. Currently it is has over 500 brands in over 200 countries all across the world. The head quarters are in Atlanta, Georgia. Through its subsidiariesRead MoreImpact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business1374 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness. The following topics are addressed in this paper: 1. Definition of Multi-National Corporation 2. Cultures and Norms 3. Management Style and Culture Shock 4. Management Style of a Multi-National Corporation : Toyota Motors 5. Ethical and Economic challenges faced Multinational Corporation A Multinational corporation is a corporation that does business in two or more countries. It has its home base in its own country, but has branches or subsidiaries in other countries. Their homeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )934 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluate firms on their CSR performance since the society is concerned about the CSR ranking. Consequently, business managers in various countries may treat CSR as an inevitable priority (Porter Kramer, 2006). Nevertheless, CSR is still a controversial issue in the world. Some businesses are struggling to balance corporate and social aims due to the growing societal attention in CSR. This essay will compare and contrast arguments in favour of and against CSR from the perspective of firms. Main Body MajorityRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1292 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate firms on their CSR performance since the society is concerned about the CSR ranking. Consequently, business managers in various countries may treat CSR as an inevitable priority (Porter Kramer, 2006). Nevertheless, CSR is still a controversial issue in the world. Some businesses are struggling to balance corporate and social aims due to the growing societal attention in CSR. This essay will compare and contrast arguments in favour of and against CSR from the perspective of firms. Majority of

History of Roman Sculpture Essay Example For Students

History of Roman Sculpture Essay The section of roman sculptures I ran into at the St. Louis Art Museum all had great detail work on most made of marble were all very interesting but the â€Å"Bust of an Unknown Man† was my favorite by far. This selection included a portrait of a Woman on wood from 2nd century to a â€Å"Running Artemis† with her â€Å"wet-drapery† like discussed in class. Many of the works have no artist attached to the info and no credit to the model of the piece of art. The â€Å"Bust of an Unknown Man† along with the â€Å"Head of a Man† have great detail work in the curls on the hair of the sculptures. The marble sculptures from the Greek and Roman periods are very similar but both bring their own styles to the features of the very human like faces and the skin glows almost. At first I couldn’t decide on a topic for my St. Louis Art Museum (SLAM) Paper but after coming across the Roman and Greek sculptures I began to think of all the works we studied in class and how art was inspired and created in all different types of ways. Romans believed in the Gods and crafted their art in the likeness of great figures and modeled everyday humans in their image. Great detail was held in the marble works I discovered in this area of Roman and Greek art. The one that grabbed me the most was the â€Å"Bust of Unknown Man†. Its detail and life-like glow gives this piece such great stature. The Romans and Greeks have such a similar style at times in history but the hair on â€Å"Bust of Unknown Man† gives depth creating shadows, highlights, and lowlights in the sculpture. The bread has a more stylistic feature curling as of cotton or wool. â€Å"Bust of Unknown Man† has locks of curls that seem to been painted at a time in history. The marble around the end of the arms has a rusting and deteriorating. The bust sits on a small anvil type base. This column is miniature in comparison to the bust but has its own stylistic nature. Underneath the column is a round discus shaped platform that stabilizes the whole piece itself. The bust of an unknown man still is the most eye-grabbing of all Roman and Greek artwork. The sculptures all have an intriguing factor of light and shadows and they all have great high relief work with the three dimensional nature of marble sculptures. The bust of unknown man doesn’t have a whole lot of information only the facts of its culture and medium. The artist is unknown, the model is unknown, even a direct time frame and place of origin is unknown. The fact that it is marble and of roman descent is the only hard facts known. The marble gives the piece its glow and shine with the texture and peaks and valleys giving contrast from the lights reflecting off it. Bibliography: Facts and Details (http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub369/item2063.html) Grossman, Janet Burnett.  Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone: A Guide to Terms, Styles and Techniques. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2003. Print. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropo/hd_ropo.htm) Palagia, Olga.  Greek Sculpture: Function, Materials, and Techniques in the Archaic and Classical Periods. New York, NY: Cambridge UP, 2006. Print. St. Louis Art Museum Website (http://www.slam.org/emuseum/code/emuseum.asp?style=Browse trecord=1page=searchprofile=objectssearchdesc=299:1923quicksearch=299:1923newvalues=1newstyle=singlenewcurrentrecord=1)

The Fire and EMS Training

Introduction There are various ways in which technology can affect the Fire and EMS training in the next ten years. There will be need for more training facilities for training of students who would like to become fire and EMS graduates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Fire and EMS Training specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will be done to meet the stringent national standards for Fire and EMS education going into effect in ten years to come. The training will require experienced fire and EMS experts who have knowledge on the advanced use of the Internet tools. This will be used in training the graduates in order to fit in the new and advanced technologies (Thomas, pg. 9). Again, advanced equipment for training will be required, and this will raise the cost of training. Technology in fire administration Agencies leverage technology to deliver training by providing opportunities for the EMS graduates to ga in experience. First, for agencies to deliver training, they should leverage training by tracking hazards, management of disasters, and emergency cases found. Secondly, there is the identification of hazards, knowing the needs of the population agency, obtaining information on building assessment, and assessing the interface of wild land and urban centers. Thirdly, the agencies should be involved in handling of administrative issues like research, supervision and relations of labor, and management in terms fire and EMS. This will assist the agencies to survey long term ability so as to be able to support change efforts. In addition, the agencies should preplan and conduct inspections that relate to fire. They should have location trackers to facilitate their operations (Thomas, pg. 5).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Again, the agencies can leverage technology through tota l evaluation of courses for the training; keeping records of all training sessions, making use of computer based learning facilities and good management of the training programs used in training. Also, leveraging of technology can be achieved through implementation and use of emergency communication systems, coming up with stations locations and analysis of post incident, meshing of network and analysis of deployment with fire and EMS training departments. Finally, for the agencies to achieve the leveraging of technology in order to deliver training there should be good management of funds within the training departments, tracking of inventory assets and conducing of meetings which enhance the training provision and improvement of training courses(Thomas, pg. 8). Research should also be conducted on intra and interoperability, and analyzing of the records of participation in the training of fire and EMS training. Conclusion The future of EMS is based on the availability of sufficien t and competent agencies as well as advanced training equipment and facilities. Besides the science of what the experts in fire and EMS training do, the curriculum for the overall training will require more time in the future than the usual time. Interoperability will have been improved as a means of improving the overall training. This will ease the communication of fire and EMS agencies and agencies in the surrounding jurisdictions. With this in place, the agencies will be confident to deal with interoperability situations like use of radio languages for easy communication. Agencies will be able to make use of plain English rather than a system of codes for easy communication with other organizations. The fire and EMS will have an EMS process management to cater for all stake holders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Fire and EMS Training specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will also have information and an alysis department which deals with analysis of the EMS results. Again it will have a human resource and development department, as well as strategic planning to ensure efficiency. Works Cited Thomas, John. Determining the fire/EMS training needs in a combined dispatch center. n.d. Web. https://www.usfa.fema.gov/ This essay on The Fire and EMS Training was written and submitted by user Daisy Yates to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bipolar Disorder and Society Essays

Bipolar Disorder and Society Essays Bipolar Disorder and Society Paper Bipolar Disorder and Society Paper Depression has been known to be a leading cause of disability in the world, because depressive moods can hinder someone from acting normally and thus hindering the capabilities to be productive (Fink, 2007). It may be considered normal for human beings to have mood swings. For women it may even be worse especially when they have their monthly period, as hormones generally affect their emotions. But when the mood swings start to get abnormal in frequency and sequence there may already be a disorder, in this case bipolar disorder or mania. It is characterized by heightened mood, hyperactivity, restlessness and extreme depression to the point of distorted judgment. Individuals with this disorder acts in a very different manner than their usual ways, and the onset of the syndrome is slow and gradual, taking weeks or months before it is considered complete (Belmaker, 2004). Bipolarity is a very distinct disorder that has many names across different cultures all over the world. Manic is only one term, insane may also be one view of society towards individuals with this disorder, because it leads to a person acting beyond the normal. This may affect not only how an individual is viewed by society, but also how that individual interacts with another person and with society as a whole. As such, this paper aims to look deeper into the different aspects of the disorder including its history, symptoms experienced by patients suffering the disease, the factors that influence the occurrence of the disease, and treatments that are discovered in order to prevent worsening of the syndrome. In regards the treatments, this may include some therapies or medication that this paper shall try to present and explore. This may help to find out the different effects of bipolar disorder of those suffering from it and those surrounding the patient. Bipolar Syndrome As earlier mentioned, bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by an irregularity of moods. It may make a shift from a heightened happiness to extreme depression or lonesomeness. Even a single episode of mania or extreme depression may be a symptom of bipolar disorder (Belmaker, 2004). But not all depressive moods characterize bipolar disorder. Some depressive moods may be induced by intake of substances if not are naturally occurring. If the depression is caused by intake of medication or any certain drugs, it is not considered as bipolarity but classified as substance induced mood disorder. If it was due to a medical condition that may have been affecting the brain, it is considered as a mood disorder due to a general medical condition. Naturally occurring extreme depression is thus symptomatic of Bipolar Syndrome alone (First et al, 2002). History the Disorder Bipolar Disorder is a very old disease although it was not recognized before as it is now. It was Aretaeus of Cappadociam who first recognized the existence of both manic and depressive moods but it was only these days that this existence was given a name. Following this is a book written by Richard Burton, titled The Anatomy of Melancholia. As the title implies, it tackled the subject melancholy or what is called today as depression. Then a French researcher proposed that suicide and depression are related, that there is also a relationship between a manic state and depression and that there may be a disorder called manic-depressive disorder (Bloch and Naser, 2006). Following this research is another Frenchman’s proposal. Francois Baillarger proposed that Bipolar disorder is different from schizophrenia and that its symptoms are distinct from that of the latter mentioned. He called the disorder as double-insanity. This study is further upheld by a German researcher, Emil Krapelin who proposed ideas regarding manic depression. The ideas contained the symptoms and guiding principles that are generally the ones still being used in the diagnosis and research of Bipolar Disorder today (Bloch and Naser, 2006). Symptoms Bipolar syndrome is categorized as Bipolar I and Bipolar II depending mainly on the severity of the mania or depression. Bipolar I is usually differentiated from Bipolar II as the level of depression that occurs in patients suffering from it is considered mild. As compared to Cyclothymic Disorder, Bipolar I is characterized by manic episodes, and a major depressive episode. It may be diagnosed if the interchanging episodes happen after two years at the least of having Cyclothymic Disorder (First et al, 2002). When compared with psychotic disorders, Bipolar I stands out as it does not present any psychotic symptoms that are not induced by known mood symptoms. It may only be diagnosed based on manic episodes induced by chronic psychotic disorder (First et al, 2002). Bipolar II on the other hand, is characterized by mood episodes not induced by medical conditions that may be affecting the brain. It is also diagnosed when the depressive moods or mania is not induced by substances or drugs taken into the body. Another characteristic of Bipolar II are occurring hypomanic episodes that may be diagnosed neither as Major Depressive Disorder nor Dysthymic Disorder. It may also be distinguished from Psychotic Disorders if there are periods of psychotic symptoms induced by known mood symptoms. When compared with Bipolar I, Bipolar II may be distinguish by the absence of Manic or Mixed episode. Mixed episodes are occurring mood episodes in which there is heightened happiness suddenly switching to extreme depression or sadness (First et al, 2002). Course of the Disorder As mentioned on the earlier part of the paper, the onset of Bipolar disorder, either I or II, on an individual happens gradually or slowly until is completion, during which an individual experiences the symptoms given (Belmaker, 2004). It is a curable disease which worsens over time if not tended to. From simple episodes of mania and depression it may progress into frequently occurring symptoms. These frequent episodes may gradually increase in severity and may soon include Psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, or delusions that are relative to the mood of the individual in a certain moment. For instance, there may be a hallucination of an extravagant event or thing when the patient is in a heightened mood or there may be a delusion when the patient is depressed and low. These things may become severe in the course of time and due to the severity of the disease, the symptoms that accompany it also becomes severe leading to some individuals to become a danger to the people surrounding him and even to himself (Zimney, 2008). As in the case presented by Cohen et al (2008) where a woman who had a history of Bipolar Disorder and is under maintained medication decided to have a child. Under the prescription of her psychiatrists she stopped taking her medicines and soon she got pregnant, during which she experienced episodes of anxiety, insomnia and the other symptoms of her disorder. Doctors started to suggest for her to get back to her medication but she declined as it might harm the child she was carrying and may affect her planned breastfeeding. Because of this, she continued experiencing Bipolar Disorder-related episodes and it affected her pregnancy. She had to undergo caesarian section because of premature labor that was induced by her episodes. After the delivery, she seemed to have been back to normal but eventually symptoms of her illness started and they were worse than they were before she got pregnant and was under medication. Because of this, the patient was put under another observation and was found that other than her record showing bipolar sickness, there was a history of the same disease in the family (Cohen et al, 2008). They have found that she had relatives who had severe mood disorders and one was even driven to suicide and died. The same almost happened to the woman. Due to the discontinuation of maintenance medications, she had recurrent hallucinations and even tried to hurt her child. With this, she decided to discontinue breastfeeding and was advised not to have more children after (Cohen et al, 2008). With this study, it may be said that Bipolar Disorder is manageable through intake of medication. Discontinuation of treatment medicines may be said to affect the state of the patient suffering from the disease more so when left completely neglected (Cohen et al, 2008). This is why bipolar female patients becoming pregnant still pose a huge matter for researchers concentrating on treatments for the syndrome. As may be seen in the case presented some drugs or medication for treatment of the disease may be harmful for a child inside a bipolar mother, resulting to the mother having to stop maintenance drugs and thus inducing episodes symptomatic of the disorder. It also became a risk for the disease to progress into a more severe level since, discontinuation of treatment and medicines is almost equal to neglect of the situation (Cohen et al, 2008). This also shows that Bipolar Disorder may be inherited or may be passed within members of a family, as the patient indicated to have had a relative who died from suicide induced by hallucinations that entail the disease at its worse level. Treatments of the Disorder There are many known treatment of bipolar disorder. There are medications or medicines that are prescribed by doctors to patients in accordance to the severity of their condition and to the symptoms relative to the disease that manifests in them. Psychiatrists may recommend drugs that prevent mania, hypomania or antidepressant drugs depending on the mood of the patient. Doctors may recommend mania-preventive drugs or anti-depressant drugs to patients depending mainly on the recurrent mood of the patient. They may also give mood stabilizers that a patient may take in on the onset of mania or depression. Antipsychotic agents may also be administered when called for (Mann, 2005). There are also therapies that are recommended to patients in order to help them manage and treat their illness. They may suggest regular psychosocial interventions or psychotherapy that includes monitoring of responses, the checking of outcomes of past therapies or treatments, and education of parties involved especially of parents with children suffering from the disorder. The therapies have three phases, the acute, continuation and maintenance phase. The treatment and therapy varies in accordance to the phase (Mann, 2005). Society, Culture and the Disease Although bipolar disorder is a leading cause of disability in the world, there are still some countries that do not generally accept this concept. The culture from which they grew up in influences their beliefs and reactions toward the disease. It also influences the treatment of the disease, the interaction between patients, the effects of the symptoms, and even how the symptoms are reported (Kleinman, 2004). For instance the Chinese people do not recognize depression as a term or condition of a person or an individual. The country from which they belong denies the existence of this predicament in their culture. This becomes a problem especially for the Chinese immigrants in countries that recognized bipolar disorder as disease. As soon as a person shows signs of developing Bipolar disorder it may only be seen as normal so rather than be given appropriate treatment, the patient’s condition may become worse (Kleinman, 2004). Sometimes even when it is the culture or the society that becomes the risk factor for the development of the diseases, as in the case of war-related acquisition of bipolar disorder, or post-trauma induced bipolar cases, it is still denied and left without proper treatment (Kleinman, 2004). Conclusion Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that have been long existing but only denied by some nations worldwide. It is a leading cause for disabilities and some deaths. It has a number of symptoms including sudden manic moods shifting to depressive moods. Sometimes it also entails psychotic symptoms. But Bipolar disorder is a curable and manageable disease. Many studies have been conducted in order to check on the risk factors of the disease and from there develop a cure. But some countries do not accept this cure for the disease, even when sometimes it is the culture that is the cause of the disease. Thus it may be said that the society and the culture being practiced influences the disease greatly, that views on patients and patients’ views on society, whether positive or negative is affected in more ways than one. References Belmaker, R. H. MD (2004). Bipolar Disorder. The New England Journal of Medicine 351(5). Bloch, J. P, Nser, J. A. (2006). The Everything Health Guide to Adult Bipolar Disorder: Reassuring Advice to Help You Cope. USA: Everything Books. Cohen, L. S MD. , Emmerich, A. D. MD. , Viguera, A. C. MD. (2008). Case 24-2008: A 35-Year-Old Woman with Postpartum Confusion, Agitation, and Delusions. The New England Journal of Medicine 359(5). First, M. B, Frances, A. Pincus, H. A. (2002). DSM-IV-TR Handbook of Differential Diagnosis. USA: American Psychiatric Pub. Fink, M. , Taylor, A. M. , (2007). Melancholia: The Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Depressive Illness. The New England Journal of Medicine 356(6). Kleinman, A. MD. (2004). Culture and Depression. The New England Journal of Medicine 351(10). Mann, J. J. (2005). Management of Depression. The New England Journal of Medicine 353(17). Zimney, E. MD. (2008). Bipolar Disorder. HealthTalk Retrieved November 20, 2008 from http://www2. healthtalk. com/go/mental-health/bipolar-disorder/disease-basics/how-does-bipolar-disorder-progress